A systematic review of chlorine-based surface disinfection efficacy to inform recommendations for low-resource outbreak settings

Abstract

Background: Infectious diseases can be transmitted via fomites (contaminated surfaces/objects); disinfection can interrupt this transmission route. However, disinfection guidelines for low-resource outbreak settings are inconsistent and not evidence-based. Methods: A systematic review of surface disinfection efficacy studies was conducted to inform low-resource outbreak guideline development. Due to variation in experimental procedures, outcomes were synthesized in a narrative summary focusing on chlorine-based disinfection against 7 pathogens with potential to produce outbreaks in low-resource settings (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, norovirus, and Ebola virus). Results: Data were extracted from 89 laboratory studies and made available, including 20 studies on relevant pathogens used in combination with surrogate data to determine minimum target concentration £ time ("CT") factors. Stainless steel (68%) and chlorine-based disinfectants (56%) were most commonly tested. No consistent trend was seen in the influence of chlorine concentration and exposure time on disinfection efficacy. Disinfectant application mode; soil load; and surface type were frequently identified as influential factors in included studies. Conclusions: This review highlights that surface disinfection efficacy estimates are strongly influenced by each study's experimental conditions. We therefore recommend laboratory testing to be followed by fieldbased testing/monitoring to ensure effectiveness is achieved in situ.

Biocide Use in the Antimicrobial Era: A Review

“…This impairs cellular function, leading to cell death. This biocidal mechanism applies to a variety of CRAs, including N-chloramines [ 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Sodium hypochlorite, for example, is commonly used within household bleach when diluted and is fit for this purpose as it has a shelf life of at least one month at average household temperatures and is the most stable CRA with a pH of 9–11. Its recommended concentration in Europe is 0.5% (5000 μg/mL) [ 36 ]. Novel disinfectant sprays containing electrolyzed water with chlorine are significantly less stable; however, they have been shown to be effective at decontaminating kitchen surfaces from S. aureus and E. coli .…”

Impactos Da Covid-19 No Controle Higiênico-Sanitário No Setor Alimentício

“…Hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) 0,1-0,5% 0,05-0,1% Embora pouco se saiba acerca do SARS-CoV-2, devido as semelhanças deste com outros coronavíruscamada lipídica protetora de material genético e possibilidade de inativação por antissépticos (BERARDI et al, 2020) -, a Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2020) recomenda alguns agentes antimicrobianos na desinfecção de alimentos (Tabela 2). Em trabalho recentemente publicado, Gallandat e colaboradores afirmam que um eficiente desinfetante deve apresentar características que o permita ser utilizado sem maiores preocupações, devendo também ser capaz de inativar rapidamente vários microrganismos, ser atóxico, econômico e, de preferência, solúvel em água (GALLANDAT et al, 2020).…”

Photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for the disinfection of aqueous solutions: A review

“…Ultraviolet (UV) assisted disinfection processes on the other hand, constitute a popular and attractive alternative to chlorination for water reuse, wastewater reclamation and domestic water disinfection ( Carré et al., 2018 ; Gallandat et al., 2021 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2020a ). Although UV treated wastewaters do not contain halogenated by-products, it has been found that several organic compounds and pollutants can be partially degraded under UV irradiation giving rise to by-products that are often more toxic than their parent compounds ( Russo et al., 2019 ).…”