A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of extreme weather events and other weather-related variables on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters

Young, Ian; Smith, Ben; Fazil, Aamir

doi:10.2166/wh.2014.079

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A systematic review was developed about the methodologies to quantify the impacts of climate change on undernutrition [33]. A combination of quantitative review and meta-analysis has been carried out about the effects of EWE on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters [34].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Weather Events in Agriculture: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Despite the increase of publications focusing on the consequences of extreme weather events (EWE) for the agricultural sector, a specific review of EWE related to agriculture is missing. This work aimed at assessing the interrelation between EWE and agriculture through a systematic quantitative review of current scientific literature. The review analysed 19 major cropping systems (cereals, legumes, viticulture, horticulture and pastures) across five continents. Documents were extracted from the Scopus database and examined with a text mining tool to appraise the trend of publications across the years, the specific EWE-related issues examined and the research gaps addressed. The results highlighted that food security and economic losses due to the EWE represent a major interest of the scientific community. Implementation of remote sensing and imagery techniques for monitoring and detecting the effects of EWE is still underdeveloped. Large research gaps still lie in the areas concerning the effects of EWE on major cash crops (grapevine and tomato) and the agronomic dynamics of EWE in developing countries. Current knowledge on the physiological dynamics regulating the responses of main crops to EWE appears to be well established, while more research is urgently needed in the fields of mitigation measures and governance systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Weather Events in Agriculture: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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“…The oocysts are common in natural waters and can be present in source waters. A SR and MA of the impacts of weather on surface waters indicated that contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia was 2.61 and 2.87 higher during and after heavy rainfall [139]. A SR was used to examine the risks of endemic cryptosporidiosis, and found increased risk associated with the unsafe use of water [140].…”

Section: Protozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Water-Related Infectious Diseases

Nichols

Lake²,

Heaviside

2018

Atmosphere

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Background: Water-related, including waterborne, diseases remain important sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in developing countries. The potential for changes in disease associated with predicted anthropogenic climate changes make water-related diseases a target for prevention. Methods: We provide an overview of evidence on potential future changes in water-related disease associated with climate change. Results: A number of pathogens are likely to present risks to public health, including cholera, typhoid, dysentery, leptospirosis, diarrhoeal diseases and harmful algal blooms (HABS). The risks are greatest where the climate effects drive population movements, conflict and disruption, and where drinking water supply infrastructure is poor. The quality of evidence for water-related disease has been documented. Conclusions: We highlight the need to maintain and develop timely surveillance and rapid epidemiological responses to outbreaks and emergence of new waterborne pathogens in all countries. While the main burden of waterborne diseases is in developing countries, there needs to be both technical and financial mechanisms to ensure adequate quantities of good quality water, sewage disposal and hygiene for all. This will be essential in preventing excess morbidity and mortality in areas that will suffer from substantial changes in climate in the future.Atmosphere 2018, 9, 385 2 of 60 which do not suffer the consequences of extreme events to the same extent [4]. Due to the lifetime of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the timescales associated with ocean warming, even if global CO 2 emissions were curtailed immediately, the effects on the earth's climate, including increasing temperatures and sea level rise would continue for a number of decades before starting to plateau [2]. However, this should be seen as a general call to action to reduce emissions as soon as possible, given that the impacts are likely to extend beyond current conditions and there are indications that economic investment now will be likely to reduce costs later [5]. There is also a need to develop adaptations to cope with changes in climate. Recent research highlighting the health benefits of limiting future temperature rises to the more ambitious target of 1.5 • C rather than 2 • C, in line with the Paris agreement of 2016, further emphasises the need to limit emissions [6].Climate change affects health in a number of ways, and the impacts vary both geographically and between different populations. A growing and ageing population in much of the world means that the proportion of the population who are vulnerable to the effects of climate change will increase in the future [7]. The most direct impacts from climate change are from the effects of high temperatures, and from acute impacts relating to extreme events such as storms, floods and heatwaves. These physical or meteorological stressors can produce direct health effects, such as physical injury, illness, or mental health impacts du...

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“…Hydrodynamic modelling has been shown to represent a valid and cost‐effective support, for decision‐making and understanding of events . Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is another widely used tool to estimate health impacts from exposure to Cryptosporidium and other pathogens and has been applied to climate change . The tool, called CC‐QMRA (Climate Change Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment), quantifies the anticipated impacts in terms of relative infection risks under climate change scenarios for Cryptosporidium and other pathogens and can be used to evaluate impacts of climate change on infection risks from waterborne and foodborne transmissions of Cryptosporidium .…”

Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…153 Indeed, the average odds of identifying Cryptosporidium oocysts in fresh surface waters is 2.61 (95% CI=1.63-4.21; I²=16%) times higher during and after extreme weather events. 154 Shifts in precipitation patterns (intensity and location) is one of the climate change predictions for the future, 155 and this will clearly impact both waterborne and foodborne transmissions of Cryptosporidium, and therefore, future human exposures may differ significantly from current patterns as the climate changes. 156 Hydrodynamic modelling has been shown to represent a valid and cost-effective support, for decision-making and understanding of events.…”

Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…156 Hydrodynamic modelling has been shown to represent a valid and cost-effective support, for decision-making and understanding of events. 157 Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is another widely used tool to estimate health impacts from exposure to Cryptosporidium and other pathogens 154 and has been applied to climate change. 158 Quantification and identification of Cryptosporidium in wildlife excreta is an essential starting point for estimating catchment loads.…”

Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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