A Survey of Traveling Wave Protection Schemes in Electric Power Systems

Abstract

As a result of the increase in penetration of inverter-based generation such as wind and solar, the dynamics of the grid are being modified. These modifications may threaten the stability of the power system since the dynamics of these devices are completely different from those of rotating generators. Protection schemes need to evolve with the changes in the grid to successfully deliver their objectives of maintaining safe and reliable grid operations. This paper explores the theory of traveling waves and how they can be used to enable fast protection mechanisms. It surveys a list of signal processing methods to extract information on power system signals following a disturbance. The paper also presents a literature review of traveling wave-based protection methods at the transmission and distribution levels of the grid and for AC and DC configurations. The paper then discusses simulations tools to help design and implement protection schemes. A discussion of the anticipated evolution of protection mechanisms with the challenges facing the grid is also presented.

A Novel Method for Real Time Protection of DC Microgrid Using Cumulative Summation and Wavelet Transform

“…Change in energy is the distinction in energy between two backto-back cycles it is calculated [26] by equation 10. (10) Where, E B and E A represent the energy of the current cycle and the energy of the past cycle respectively. As the fault location changes the energy concentration value between the start and the endpoint of the segment also changes.…”

“…However, this technique utilizes additional instruments to estimate the DC fault area [8]. Active impedance and a traveling wave-based fault identification technique are the few methods used for DC microgrid for protection [9][10]. Balasreedharan, et al, and Meghawani, et al proposed higher-order derivatives for the detection of the fault but this method is immensely delicate to the noise amount of the signal [11][12].…”

A physics‐informed learning technique for fault location of DC microgrids using traveling waves

“…As opposed to the conventional protection of DC systems, in which overcurrent protection, undervoltage protection, rate of change of current, and differential schemes [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] are utilized, traveling wave (TW) protection schemes render much faster fault detection and location since high-frequency TWs propagate at the speed of light [14][15][16]. In [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], TW protection algorithms are proposed for high voltage DC (HVDC) systems.…”

Cognitive Edge Computing–Based Fault Detection and Location Strategy for Active Distribution Networks

“…Many studies have investigated the possibility of applying communication systems (Coffele et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2016), signal processing techniques (Bukhari et al, 2017;Netsanet et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2019;Aftab et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2020;Sharma et al, 2021;Wilches-Bernal et al, 2021), and machine learning tools (Orozco-Henao et al, 2018;Silva et al, 2018;Khalaf et al, 2019;Uzair et al, 2019;Peng et al, 2021) in the protection of ADNs and microgrids. Some of the techniques are modifications of the customary protection schemes that require pre-specified relay settings, although some accommodate adaptive modification of the setting values.…”

“…A fault distance difference matrix (FDDM) built from TEO analysis on the VMD decomposed signal of the post-fault traveling wave is compared against a pre-fault calculated intrinsic distance difference matrix (IDDM) to locate the fault. The presence of tap points or DGs in ADNs could affect the performance of traveling wave-based fault location techniques (Wilches-Bernal et al, 2021). The VMDbased fault detection technique is also applied for a low-voltage DC microgrid with renewable sources by Sharma et al (2021).…”