A Survey of Protocol-Level Challenges and Solutions for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber-Physical Security

Sundararajan, Aditya; Chavan, Aniket; Saleem, Danish; Sarwat, Arif I.

doi:10.3390/en11092360

Cited by 46 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…However, they do not provide relative price signals but suggest that a relative quantitative assessment is required. Sundararajan et al [17] provide a survey of challenges and solutions for distributed generation cyber-physical security. The paper identifies the key vulnerabilities, attacks and potential solutions for solar and wind units at the protocol level.…”

Section: Essential Power System Functions At Risk From Cyberattacks Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Power Systems

Dagoumas

2019

Energies

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Cybersecurity is an emerging challenge for power systems, as it strongly affects their reliability and the whole energy system cost. The paper uses several Unit Commitments (UC) models, applying different methods to tackle renewables’ uncertainty. The selected power system is IEEE RTS 96. The UC models are used to assess the impact of different cybersecurity threats. The focus is to assess their impact on the total operating cost and the power grid adequacy to handle them. The comparison between the UC models shows that more robust UC models lead to higher total operating costs. The cost, unit dispatching, and energy mix evolution have a non-linear trend, depending on the power system characteristics and the cyberattacks types. However, the paper provides evidence of considerable price signals in the case of the examined cyberattacks. Each Transmission System Operator (TSO) should examine combinations of cyberattacks and operating conditions to identify crucial cases for system stability and power system cost operation. The applied methodology would also require substantial developments or supplementary approaches to assess cyberthreats at the distribution level.

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Section: Essential Power System Functions At Risk From Cyberattacks Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Power Systems

Dagoumas

2019

Energies

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“…In addition to the specific standards commented above, a set of suggested communication standards for distribution automation applications are summarised below, based on the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, [9]):…”

Section: Application To Distribution Automationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flexible resources such as demand response and electric vehicles have been characterised as batteries. This is a common model simplification [8,9]. The flexible resources have a state that is among a maximum and minimum capacity and is represented by its state in the prior time step plus the charge or discharge ratio during the time period.…”

Section: Simplified Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A summary of them can be seen in [4]. Nevertheless, it is important to note that power systems and their communication systems remain in constant growing and evolution, and new protocols or upgrades of them are constantly appearing [9]. Therefore, the protocols that can be selected should tend to maximise the functionalities and ensure the maximum standardisation possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Communications for Exploiting Flexible Resources in the Framework of Smart Grids in Islands

Rodríguez-García¹,

Ribó-Pérez²,

Álvarez-Bel³

et al. 2019

Advanced Communication and Control Methods for Future Smartgrids

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Although being among the least responsible for climate change, islands are in great threat due to it. The decarbonisation of the power system arises as a key factor to ensure adaptation and mitigation to it. Islands' characteristics make renewable electrification a challenge. Most islands are isolated systems with low levels of inertia that require stability for ensuring security of supply. Therefore, the potential of smart grids and flexible resources must be fully exploited to ensure a viable integration of renewable energy sources. In this vein, it is necessary to evolve the system including demand response, batteries and electric transport to increase the share of renewables. However, all these elements require a reliable communication architecture to be deployed. A communication architecture is hereby presented and applied to Galapagos for exploiting flexible resources. Different protocols have been selected to interoperate flexible resources integrated on the system. Each of them tries for each application to standardise and ensure the largest functionalities available. The deployment of smart grids in islands can reduce their carbon footprint as it is validated with a case study in Santa Cruz, Galapagos. This system proves to ensure the energy balance in a viable way, in technical, economic and environmental terms. operated in radial form to feed the large customers and small customers in low voltage (LV) [1]. However, the new time in the power sector are characterised by a large increment in the renewable generation. The main technologies are solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation. This generation can be concentrated in medium/large capacity plants or be very distributed. The so-called distributed generation (DG) is much smaller in size (commonly some tens to hundreds of kilowatts) and is usually connected to LV or medium voltage (MV). This generation can be owned by companies or individual customers that may also install some small generation. Moreover, the electrification of transport and the rise of information and communication technology are increasing the possibility to take advantage of customer's flexibility in the consumption by dynamically trading their demand response resources [2,3]. This new power system paradigm is usually referred as the smart grid (SG) as it allows the integration of all these "active" elements (including customers) in the physical system (grid) and new trading mechanisms and markets (mainly retail) [4,5]. The concept is gaining importance as the solution for the future power system [6]. However, it is essential a proper operation and control, which is intended to be automatic through SG controllers, using the resources offered by generators and customers directly or through intermediate agents such as load aggregators or generation aggregators, usually referred as virtual power plants (VPP) too [7].The requirements for building these SG are as follows:• Reliability: they have to be more reliable than the traditional power systems. This has to be accomplishing providi...

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“…We note that the previous works [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] did not consider NSM application within these protocols. Moreover, none [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] focused on NSM use cases and integration with field devices. In this paper, we tested the lab substation equipment and programs implemented to utilize NSM use cases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Analysis and Anomaly Detection for a Digital Substation on Cyber-Physical System

et al. 2019

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The electric power system infrastructure has begun to adopt digital information technologies such as transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) and Ethernet infrastructures. With this adoption, information technology-centric network and system management (NSM) tools are used to manage the intermediate communication systems and electric devices in digital substations. However, the technology to monitor the cyber–physical System (CPS) statistics for the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and serial communication for a digital substation does not exist yet. In this paper, we aim to propose cyber-physical analysis methodologies of a digital substation system, concerning issues of (1) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62351-7 based network and system management, (2) behavior analysis of the CPS, (3) cyber–physical anomaly detection systems, and (4) a testbed for a digital substation. By collaborating with Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), a cyber security testbed for the digital substation has been developed to implement the use cases and analyze potential security threats. Newly integrated methodologies for information handling are expected to lead to improved safety and reliability for the CPS of electric power grid systems.

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A Survey of Protocol-Level Challenges and Solutions for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber-Physical Security

Cited by 46 publications

References 91 publications

Assessing the Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Power Systems

Assessing the Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Power Systems

Communications for Exploiting Flexible Resources in the Framework of Smart Grids in Islands

Behavior Analysis and Anomaly Detection for a Digital Substation on Cyber-Physical System

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