The electric power system infrastructure has begun to adopt digital information technologies such as transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) and Ethernet infrastructures. With this adoption, information technology-centric network and system management (NSM) tools are used to manage the intermediate communication systems and electric devices in digital substations. However, the technology to monitor the cyber–physical System (CPS) statistics for the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and serial communication for a digital substation does not exist yet. In this paper, we aim to propose cyber-physical analysis methodologies of a digital substation system, concerning issues of (1) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62351-7 based network and system management, (2) behavior analysis of the CPS, (3) cyber–physical anomaly detection systems, and (4) a testbed for a digital substation. By collaborating with Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), a cyber security testbed for the digital substation has been developed to implement the use cases and analyze potential security threats. Newly integrated methodologies for information handling are expected to lead to improved safety and reliability for the CPS of electric power grid systems.

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Sincemany papers have been written on low-pressure drop-fractionation equipment, as though this were a goal in itself, and without regard to requirements, the market for such equipment will be discussed first.Heat-sensitive and high-boiling materials that cannot be satisfactorily fractionated in conventional equipment occur in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, perfumery and flavoring compounds (both natural and synthetic), vitamins, hormones, dyestuffs, and their intermediates. These industries, at the same time, are large users of conventional fractionation equipment which does not, in the majority of cases, give rise to trouble through thermal degradation.Although the specialized equipment described here can handle a number of products beyond the range of conventional equipment, it too will have its limitations. Its market may be considered as the continental shelf, largely uncharted, which borders the land masses that are the market for conventional equipment.Packed columns, commonly employed in the industries referred to, are straightforward in design and construction, and may be filled easily with any one of several standard types and sizes of packing, along with considerable choice of materials. Some recent innovations, such as metal Pall rings, are now successfully employed for fractional distillation at pressures of 20 torr and less, where they give markedly better results, both in terms of pressure drop and fractionating efficiency, than traditional stoneware Raschig rings.The versatility of the packed column ensures that it will be used to the limit before more sophisticated equipment is considered.The pressure drop through the fractionator is but one AUTHOR Ralph W. King is a Director of PenChem Developments Ltd.