A Study on Spatial Accessibility of the Urban Tourism Attraction Emergency Response under the Flood Disaster Scenario

Abstract

With the ultrahigh-speed, large-scale development of tourism and the increasing frequency, intensity, and scope of extreme natural hazards in the context of climate warming, tourism has entered a high-risk era. Based on the central urban area within the outer ring of Shanghai as the research area and the tourism attraction as the research object, this paper takes the flood scenario simulation combined with GIS network analysis to evaluate the spatial accessibility of the emergency response of urban key public service departments (120) under current and future river flood scenarios in different return periods. The results of the study show that, (1) under the current and future flood scenarios, the submergence range is mainly distributed within 2 ∼ 3 km along the banks of the Huangpu River, and it tends to increase from north to south; (2) there are 6, 9, and 21 tourism attractions in the emergency blind area under the once-in-a-century floods in 2010, 2030, and 2050 and 98, 105, and 112 tourism attractions in the emergency blind area under the once-in-a-millennium floods in 2010, 2030, and 2050, respectively; (3) in the flood scene, local road traffic in the inundation area is interrupted by water, and 120 first aid cannot get or be delayed to some tourist attraction (blind area); and (4) in 2030, under the normal and flooding scenarios, 120 first aid in the downtown area of Shanghai has the fastest route to tourism attractions according to the speed of S1, S2, S3, and S4. The flooding intensity (range and water depth), road traffic conditions (vehicle flow speed), and the number and location of key public service departments jointly determine the service scope and response time of medical emergency in urban floods. Since the flood control area of the central city in Shanghai is mainly distributed in the 2 ∼ 3 km area on both banks of the Huangpu River, the impact of flood on the emergency medical service in the entire central city is limited, mainly in some hospitals in the riverside area, where 120 emergency vehicles are unable or delayed to reach some tourism attractions. The research indicates that the quantitative assessment method of spatial accessibility of the emergency response under flood scenario simulation has important scientific value and practical significance, which can provide decision-making basis for emergency management of tourism in China’s urban flood disaster.

The Emergency Accessibility Analysis based on Traffic Big Data and Flood Scenario Simulation in the context of Shanghai Hotel industry

“…However, current empirical research on cooperation between tourism and civil protection agencies is scarce (Becken & Hughey, 2013;Hystad & Keller, 2008). The only studies that have measured tourism emergency accessibility have failed to include real traffic conditions in their models, resulting in large discrepancies between the results of the studies and the real situation (Shi et al, 2020). To address this gap, this paper will introduce a scenario simulation approach to quantitatively assess and visualize the impact of a one in a 100-year flood on the emergency accessibility of the Shanghai hospitality industry for fire protection,…”

“…Finally, the Web GIS-based road travel time calculation considers the congestion level of the road, enabling real-time traffic data to be obtained at a relatively low cost, reflecting the differences in road travel speeds at different times of day. In addition to Gaode Map, the measurement is also applicable to similar data services provided by Google Maps, ArcGIS for Developers and Uber Movement, among others (Shi et al, 2020). Despite the simple setup used in the case study (e.g., only the shortest route in time was selected as an accessibility indicator and three traffic conditions were set), the evaluation method used in the study can still be easily extended to larger areas, longer times, more facilities and higher sampling frequencies.…”

“…With the development of technology, the disaster simulation system can precisely stimulate and predicate the influence of disaster on destination. However, the associated simulation methods have received the little attention in tourism studies (Reimann et al, 2018;Shi et al, 2020). Using the simulation methods can reduce the influence of disaster.…”

“…Accessibility can be understood as the degree of convenience in moving between the origin to destination within a transport network system. Accessibility is both an important element of equity in public services and an important indicator of a city's ability to manage them, emphasizing both equity and efficiency (Shi et al, 2020). Under unexpected events or emergencies, urban emergency services such as Fire and Rescue Services (FRS) and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are required to reach the location in the shortest possible time to rescue people and property (Yu et al, 2020).…”

“…Firstly, most previous studies have used vector data-based network analysis for road network modelling, but this approach is more demanding and varies significantly from the actual road network data (Li et al, 2021;Zheng et al, 2020). In addition, most previous studies have focused on urban or vulnerable groups, and few studies have focused on tourism enterprises (Shi et al, 2020).…”