A Study of Injection Locking in Ring Oscillators

Mesgarzadeh, Behzad; Alvandpour, Atila

doi:10.1109/iscas.2005.1465873

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Mesgarzadeh and Alvandpour [9] analyse this for a three-ring CMOS oscillator deliberately made asymmetric by the forcing input being an additional gate overdriving one signal. They prove Adler's work also applies to their ring oscillator.…”

Section: Frequency Injection Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency Injection Attack on Ring-Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators

Markettos

Moore

2009

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

126

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Abstract. We have devised a frequency injection attack which is able to destroy the source of entropy in ring-oscillator-based true random number generators (TRNGs). A TRNG will lock to frequencies injected into the power supply, eliminating the source of random jitter on which it relies. We are able to reduce the keyspace of a secure microcontroller based on a TRNG from 2 64 to 3300, and successfully attack a 2004 EMV ('Chip and PIN') payment card. We outline a realistic covert attack on the EMV payment system that requires only 13 attempts at guessing a random number that should require 2 32 . The theory, three implementations of the attack, and methods of optimisation are described.

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Section: Frequency Injection Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency Injection Attack on Ring-Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators

Markettos

Moore

2009

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

126

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“…Following the analysis in [8]- [9], the conceptual diagram of ILRO with ring oscillator which has free-running frequency of 0 is shown in Fig. 3(a).…”

Section: Frequency Calibration With Injection Lockingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low energy crystal-less double-FSK transceiver for wireless body-area-network

Bae

Song

Lee

et al. 2011

IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference 2011

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An energy-efficient crystal-less double-FSK transceiver for wireless body-area-network (WBAN) is implemented in 0.18 m CMOS technology with 1 V supply. The injection-locking digitally-controlled oscillator (IL-DCO) replaces the crystal oscillator (XO), which leads to reduce energy consumption and system cost. It can detect whether injection locking occurs or not, and calibrates the frequency drift of DCO within 100 kHz accuracy over 100 degrees C temperature variation. The scalable divider-based double-FSK transmitter eliminates the necessity of power-consuming voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and direct digital synthesizer (DDS). The frequency calibration with IL-DCO and transmitter consumes 1 mW and 2 mW, respectively, with a data rate of 10 Mb/s, corresponding to energy consumption of 0.2 nJ per transmitted bit.

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“…Equation (6) shows that instead of a single tone, many frequency components (|mω 0 ± nω i |) appear at the output of the oscillator in resonant clocking. However the linear filter inside the feedback loop of the oscillator suppresses the components, which are far from ω 0 .…”

Section: B Capacitive Couplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although unintended injection locking can cause severe problems in circuit applications, this phenomenon can be utilized in proper way for different purposes [4], [6], [7]. The impact of injection locking in phase noise reduction in onchip applications is studied previously [6], [7].…”

Section: Injection Lockingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jitter Characteristic in Resonant Clock Distribution

Mesgarzadeh

Hansson

Alvandpour

2006

2006 Proceedings of the 32nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference

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This paper presents a detailed clock jitter characteristic analysis of a fully integrated 1.5-GHz resonant clocking fabricated in 130-nm CMOS, with 57% total clock power saving, compared to the conventional clocking implemented in the same test-chip. The jitter measurement result is in good agreement with the jitter analysis. Furthermore, a jitter-suppression technique based on injection locking phenomenon has been utilized to reduce the clock jitter and to solve the jitter peaking problem. Measurements show about 50% peak-to-peak clock jitter reduction from 28.4 ps to 14.5 ps after the activation of the injection locking.

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A Study of Injection Locking in Ring Oscillators

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

The Frequency Injection Attack on Ring-Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators

The Frequency Injection Attack on Ring-Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators

A low energy crystal-less double-FSK transceiver for wireless body-area-network

Jitter Characteristic in Resonant Clock Distribution

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