“…However, they require bulky and expensive equipment, skilled technicians, cumbersome sample preparation procedures, and difficulties in on-site determination. Along with ICPMS, and AAS, several strategies have been developed for detecting Pb( ii ) and Bi( iii ) ions, such as microelectromechanical, 14 non-faradaic impedimetric sensors, 15 electrochemical sensors, 16 metal–organic frameworks, 17 nanocompsites, 18 TiO 2 -based optical sensors, 19 voltametric strategies, 20 etc. However, fluorescence can be a good alternative to address these challenges due to its simplicity, high selectivity, and enormous potential for analyte determination.…”