A simple HPLC–DAD method for the detection and quantification of psychotropic mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa (ketum) and its products for the application in forensic investigation

Parthasarathy, Suhanya; Ramanathan, Surash; Murugaiyah, Vikneswaran; Hamdan, Mohammad Razak; Said, Mamot; Lai, Choon-Sheen; Mansor, Sharif Mahsufi

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.014

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Filter residues and basic solutions were extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 in order to investigate possible alkaloid losses. The various purified alkaloid samples were analyzed using HPLC-DAD ( Figure 2) [23,24]. Total mean alkaloid amounts were calculated using a linear regression of the MG standard and reported as w/w mean percentage in the extract (Alk/EXT) and as mg/g concentration in plant leaves (Alk/PL) ( Table 1).…”

Section: R=h 3s 7r 20s Corynoxine B (Cb) R=h 3s 7s 20s Corynoximentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaloid Profiles and Activity in Different Mitragyna speciosa Strains

Boffa

Ghè

Muccioli

et al. 2018

Natural Product Communications

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Mitragyna speciosa (K.) H. (Kratom) is a tree that possesses stimulant and opioid-like analgesic effects, and is indigenous to Southeast Asia and Indochina, where it has seen widespread use for hundreds of years. The principal pharmacologically active alkaloids in kratom leaves include mitragynine (MG), 7hydroxymitragynine (HMG), speciociliatine (SC), speciogynine (SG) and paynantheine (P). The pharmacological effects induced and their potency can vary dramatically according to variations in the proportions of alkaloid compounds present, which are related to geographic origin, stage of maturity and ecotype. Much of the analgesic and opiate-like psychoactive effect of kratom has been associated with the MG and HMG detected in M. speciosa (K.). H. Five different strains of M. speciosa (K.) H., which present differing vein colours and geographic origin, have been studied herein; red vein strains from Thailand, Malaysia and Bali, named Red Thai, Red Malay and Red Bali, a white vein strain from Borneo (White Borneo) and a green vein strain from Malaysia (Green Malay) were included in the study. Plant leaves were extracted under magnetic stirring at room temperature in a MeOH/H 2 O 1:1 mixture. Purified alkaloids were isolated in a number of organic extraction steps, from either aqueous basic or acidic phases, that culminated in precipitation (yields between 0.94 and 1.43%). These samples have been analysed using HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS to optimize the identification and quantification of the principal alkaloids present in the different strains. 24 alkaloids were detected in Red Bali whereas 11 compounds were found in the other varieties. Red Thai, Red Bali, Green Malay and White Borneo strains had a higher w/w percentage for MG than for P, while P was more abundant in Red Malay. The Green Malay variety (GMK) showed the highest w/w percentages for MG and total alkaloids in its extracts (59.7 and 94.9% respectively). The Green Malay variety was therefore chosen for in vivo pharmacological studies. The Green Malay extract has shown remarkable and significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in mouse hot plate and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests.

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Section: R=h 3s 7r 20s Corynoxine B (Cb) R=h 3s 7s 20s Corynoximentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaloid Profiles and Activity in Different Mitragyna speciosa Strains

Boffa

Ghè

Muccioli

et al. 2018

Natural Product Communications

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“…To date, several studies of Kratom characterization and pharmacokinetic in biological fluids have been reported [5,7,8]. However, there is still a lack of suitable analytical methodologies for the detection and quantification of MG in routine analysis [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly used methodologies for the determination of MG is trough centrifugation or solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis [9,12,13]. Recently, our group introduced a novel static microextraction technique, bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) that uses nanostructured materials, and have demonstrated to be a remarkable alternative for trace analysis of medium-polar to polar compounds in aqueous media [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of mitragynine in urine matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction and HPLC analysis

Neng

Ahmad

Gaspar

et al. 2015

Talanta

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“…8 However, kratom misuse and abuse has been growing dramatically. 12 At present, the available analytical methods for MG detection are based on instrumental techniques, including high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), 13,14 ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), 15 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 16 and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 9 The cocktail is a mixture of boiled kratom leaves, cola drink, cough syrup, and ice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an immunochromatographic strip incorporating anti‐mitragynine monoclonal antibody conjugated to colloidal gold for kratom alkaloids detection

Limsuwanchote

Putalun

Tanaka

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A lateral flow-based immunochromatographic strip was developed for the rapid detection of mitragynine (MG), a dominant alkaloid found in the leaves of kratom. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MG (anti-MG mAb) was conjugated to colloidal gold and used as a recognition probe. MG-ovalbumin conjugate (MG-OVA) and goat anti-mouse IgG were immobilized on the strip to produce a test zone and control zone, respectively. Based on the principle of a competitive assay, MG in a test sample competed with MG-OVA resident in the test zone to bind with colloidal gold-anti-MG mAb, resulting in an inverse relation of color intensity at the test zone and MG amount. The limit of detection (LOD) of the immunochromatographic strip is determined at 1 mg/mL of MG by visual assessment and 0.60 mg/mL by Image J analysis. The developed immunochromatographic strip can determine MG in kratom cocktails and kratom leaf samples. It could serve as a rapid and simple diagnostic kit for the detection of MG in kratom samples.

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A simple HPLC–DAD method for the detection and quantification of psychotropic mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa (ketum) and its products for the application in forensic investigation

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Alkaloid Profiles and Activity in Different Mitragyna speciosa Strains

Alkaloid Profiles and Activity in Different Mitragyna speciosa Strains

Determination of mitragynine in urine matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction and HPLC analysis

Development of an immunochromatographic strip incorporating anti‐mitragynine monoclonal antibody conjugated to colloidal gold for kratom alkaloids detection

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