Determination of mitragynine in urine matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction and HPLC analysis

Neng, Nuno R.; Ahmad, Samir M.; Gaspar, Héléna; Nogueira, J.M.F.

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.038

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Bar adsorptive microextraction, using a modified N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer sorbent phase, combined with liquid desorption followed by HPLC–DAD, was used in human urine matrices (BAμE–LD/HPLC–DAD). This technique provided high selectivity for mitragynine, good performance, and it is easy to work-up and environmentally friendly [119].…”

Section: Analytical Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

et al. 2019

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The abuse of psychotropic substances is a well-known phenomenon, and many of them are usually associated with ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree used to improve work performance and to withstand great heat. According to several published studies, the main reasons for kratom consumption involve improving sexual performance and endurance, but also social and recreational uses for the feeling of happiness and euphoria; it is also used for medical purposes as a pain reliever, and in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, diabetes, and hypertension. However, this plant has gained more popularity amongst young people over the last years. Since it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely as a drug of abuse, namely as a new psychoactive substance, being a cheaper alternative to opioids that does not require medical prescription in most countries. According to internet surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2008 and 2011, kratom was one of the most widely supplied new psychoactive substances. The composition of kratom is complex; in fact, more than 40 different alkaloids have been identified in Mitragyna speciosa so far, the major constituent being mitragynine, which is exclusive to this plant. Besides mitragynine, alkaloids such as corynantheidine and 7-hydroxamitragynine also present pharmacological effects, a feature that may be attributed to the remaining constituents as well. The main goal of this review is not only to understand the origin, chemistry, consumption, and analytical methodologies for analysis and mechanism of action, but also the use of secondary metabolites of kratom as therapeutic drugs and the assessment of potential risks associated with its consumption, in order to aid health professionals, toxicologists, and police authorities in cases where this plant is present.

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Section: Analytical Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

et al. 2019

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“…The first task in the BAµE optimization process is the selection of the most suitable sorbent phase for the target analytes involved. Afterwards, several experimental parameters were studied using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) strategy, both for microextraction and back-extraction stages, including the desorption solvent and time, stirring rate, matrix pH, organic modifier, ionic strength, equilibrium time, and sample dilution effect, according to previous reports [ 8 , 23 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Although OVAT does not allow the identification of possible interactions between variables and requires many assays, this strategy is easy to implement in this type of optimizations since the number of variables is low and no relevant interactions are expected in compliance with our expertise [ 8 , 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Bar Adsorptive Microextraction for the Determination of Levels of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Urine Samples

et al. 2021

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This work entailed the development, optimization, validation, and application of a novel analytical approach, using the bar adsorptive microextraction technique (BAμE), for the determination of the six most common tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; amitriptyline, mianserin, trimipramine, imipramine, mirtazapine and dosulepin) in urine matrices. To achieve this goal, we employed, for the first time, new generation microextraction devices coated with convenient sorbent phases, polymers and novel activated carbons prepared from biomaterial waste, in combination with large-volume-injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in selected-ion monitoring mode (LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). Preliminary assays on sorbent coatings, showed that the polymeric phases present a much more effective performance, as the tested biosorbents exhibited low efficiency for application in microextraction techniques. By using BAμE coated with C18 polymer, under optimized experimental conditions, the detection limits achieved for the six TCAs ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 μg L−1 and, weighted linear regressions resulted in remarkable linearity (r2 > 0.9960) between 10.0 and 1000.0 μg L−1. The developed analytical methodology (BAμE(C18)/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) provided suitable matrix effects (90.2–112.9%, RSD ≤ 13.9%), high recovery yields (92.3–111.5%, RSD ≤ 12.3%) and a remarkable overall process efficiency (ranging from 84.9% to 124.3%, RSD ≤ 13.9%). The developed and validated methodology was successfully applied for screening the six TCAs in real urine matrices. The proposed analytical methodology proved to be an eco-user-friendly approach to monitor trace levels of TCAs in complex urine matrices and an outstanding analytical alternative in comparison with other microextraction-based techniques.

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“…For these reasons, several applications have been proposed for the analysis of NPS and related substances in the forensic context using innovative sample preparation approaches. Odoardi et al [ 237 ] developed a comprehensive screening method for 78 substances in whole blood using DLLME combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results showed excellent recovery yields (~100%) with suitable inter-day repeatability levels (<15%).…”

Section: Future Trends In the Forensic Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review

et al. 2021

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The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.

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Determination of mitragynine in urine matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction and HPLC analysis

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

Application of Bar Adsorptive Microextraction for the Determination of Levels of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Urine Samples

Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review

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