A Revision of Species Diversity in the Neotropical GenusOreobates(Anura: Strabomantidae), with the Description of Three New Species from the Amazonian Slopes of the Andes

Abstract

We revisit species diversity within Oreobates (Anura: Strabomantidae) by combining molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA amphibian barcode fragment with the study of the external morphology of living and preserved specimens. Molecular and morphological evidence support the existence of 23 species within Oreobates, and three additional candidate species (Oreobates sp.

The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru

“…William E. Duellman and associates collected along this road from 1971-1975, and subsequently described several new anuran species from this region (Duellman 1976(Duellman , 1978. Although the cumulative number of amphibians already exceeded the number of reptiles during the decade of 1990-2000, the pattern of accelerated discoveries of new and often endemic amphibian species is still holding up during the current decade (Catenazzi et al 2012, De la Riva & Chaparro 2005, De la Riva et al 2008, Duellman et al 2011, Padial et al 2007, 2009a,b, Lehr & von May 2009, Padial et al 2012, and we are confident that several more species will be added to this list over the next few years. We expect that the final number of amphibian species will be greater than the number of reptile species, because the diversity of squamates decreases with elevation at a much faster rate than the diversity of anurans (Navas 2003).…”

Diversidade de anfíbios do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

“…Embora as categorias dados insuficientes (DD) e de menor risco (LC) não estejam vinculadas a graus de ameaça, também foram incluídas por serem consideradas um reflexo do atual conhecimento das espécies, como já sugerido por Verdade et al (2012). A nomenclatura utilizada segue AmphibiaWeb (2012), a qual está atualizada segundo revisões recentes (Faivovich et al, 2005;Nascimento et al, 2006;Hedges et al, 2008;Narvaes & Rodrigues, 2009;Garda et al, 2010;Blackburn & Wake, 2011;Kolenc et al, 2011;Pyron & Wiens, 2011;Wilkison et al, 2011;Padial et al, 2012). Seguimos Lavilla et al (2010) na nomenclatura de Trachycephalus typhonius.…”

Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, and Character Evolution of the GeneraChiasmocleisandSyncope(Anura, Microhylidae) in Amazonia, with Descriptions of Three New Species

“…We therefore do not adopt any formal theoretical concept, but consider a species as a monophyletic lineage composed by populations or metapopulations delimited by a single splitting event (Padial et al, 2010;Padial et al, 2012). As an operational proxy for the above framework, we consider as ''putative species'' any monophyletic lineage recovered by the phylogenetic analysis that is diagnosable by at least one fixed phenotypic character (i.e., call or morphology), assuming that fixed phenotypic differences are evidence for reduced gene flow among populations (Frost and Hillis, 1990;Frost et al, 1998;Padial et al, 2012).…”

“…We therefore do not adopt any formal theoretical concept, but consider a species as a monophyletic lineage composed by populations or metapopulations delimited by a single splitting event (Padial et al, 2010;Padial et al, 2012). As an operational proxy for the above framework, we consider as ''putative species'' any monophyletic lineage recovered by the phylogenetic analysis that is diagnosable by at least one fixed phenotypic character (i.e., call or morphology), assuming that fixed phenotypic differences are evidence for reduced gene flow among populations (Frost and Hillis, 1990;Frost et al, 1998;Padial et al, 2012). Although provided where pertinent, we do not consider percentage of sequence divergence alone to be a valid measure for species delimitation, as threshold values must be set arbitrarily and there is no basis to ascertain any value in detriment of another (e.g., what percentage of distance should be considered enough for splitting taxa), as nucleotide mutation rates may vary from one branch of the tree to another (see Grant, 2002;Grant et al, 2006).…”