A review on presence, survival, disinfection/removal methods of coronavirus in wastewater and progress of wastewater-based epidemiology

Mandal, Pubali; Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Dubey, Brajesh Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104317

Cited by 73 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…After being shed into nasal, buccal, oesophageal, respiratory and faecal discharges into wastewater, pathogens are exposed to the wastewater environment for hours to days before they reach WWTPs. The fate and survival of pathogens in wastewater systems depend on a variety factors, including wastewater characteristics, the presence of biofilms, temperature, pH, average in-sewer travel time, per-capita water use, and the processes used to treat and disinfect the wastewater (Curtis 2003;Cao et al 2020;Hart and Halden 2020;Mandal et al 2020). Wastewater treatment usually involves a combination of physical (sedimentation, filtration, inactivation by solar or UV radiation), biological (activated sludge, algae) and chemical (coagulation-flocculation, inactivation by oxidants such as chlorine) processes for pathogen removal from wastewater, with some of the process occurring concurrently (Bhatt et al 2020;Fu et al 2010;Nasser et al 2012).…”

Section: Fate/survival/removal Of Protozoans and Sars-cov-2 In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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Waterborne diseases are a major global problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality, and massive economic costs. The ability to rapidly and reliably detect and monitor the spread of waterborne diseases is vital for early intervention and preventing more widespread disease outbreaks. Pathogens are, however, difficult to detect in water and are not practicably detectable at acceptable concentrations that need to be achieved in treated drinking water (which are of the order one per million litre). Furthermore, current clinical-based surveillance methods have many limitations such as the invasive nature of the testing and the challenges in testing large numbers of people. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which is based on the analysis of wastewater to monitor the emergence and spread of infectious disease at a population level, has received renewed attention in light of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present review will focus on the application of WBE for the detection and surveillance of pathogens with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the waterborne protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The review highlights the benefits and challenges of WBE and the future of this tool for community-wide infectious disease surveillance.

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Section: Fate/survival/removal Of Protozoans and Sars-cov-2 In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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“…The relative proportions of this remaining building subpopulation that are susceptible and recovered are the same as those proportions in the general campus population. Following the original implementation of Paltiel et al [4], we assume that the exposed group (E(t)) will always yield a true negative result when tested for SARS-CoV-2, but they can contribute to a positive wastewater signal [9,25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative or supplementary form of viral surveillance, many municipalities and universities are turning to collecting and testing wastewater from their campuses for signs of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) [7]. Viral presence in wastewater can be a leading indicator for positive cases in traditional individual screening tests [8][9][10]. In this approach, wastewater is collected at sewer locations around campus and tested in a laboratory, typically by a testing method that incorporates a polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) assay [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance

Wong

Thurston

Barlow

et al. 2020

Preprint

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As college campuses reopen, we are in the midst of a large-scale experiment on the efficacy of various strategies to contain the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Traditional individual surveillance testing via nasal swabs and/or saliva is among the measures that colleges are pursuing to reduce the spread of the virus on campus. Additionally, some colleges are testing wastewater on their campuses for signs of infection, which can provide an early warning signal for campuses to locate COVID-positive individuals. However, a representation of wastewater surveillance has not yet been incorporated into epidemiological models for college campuses, nor has the efficacy of wastewater screening been evaluated relative to traditional individual surveillance testing, within the structure of these models. Here, we implement a new model component for wastewater surveillance within an established epidemiological model for college campuses. We use a hypothetical residential university to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater surveillance to maintain low infection rates. We find that wastewater sampling with a 1-day lag to initiate individual screening tests, plus completing the subsequent tests within a 4-day period can keep overall infections within 5% of the infection rates seen with traditional individual surveillance testing. Our results also indicate that wastewater surveillance can be an effective way to dramatically reduce the number of false positive cases by identifying subpopulations for surveillance testing where infectious individuals are more likely to be found. Through a Monte Carlo risk analysis, we find that surveillance testing that relies solely on wastewater sampling can be fragile against scenarios with high viral reproductive numbers and high rates of infection of campus community members by outside sources. These results point to the practical importance of additional surveillance measures to limit the spread of the virus on campus and the necessity of a proactive response to the initial signs of outbreak.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in sewage before clinically confirmed cases [13] , [26] , [70] , which supports that WBE could be a sensitive and an early warning tool for COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance. On the other hand, there is a correlation between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the municipal wastewater and the rise and fall of cases in COVID-19 pandemic [12] , [47] , [71] . These successful applications of WEB have prompted some countries to plan and implement national wastewater monitoring programs, which can be used as virus tracking tools to supplement existing public health indicators [72] .…”

Section: State Of the Knowledge And Research Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water science under the global epidemic of COVID-19: Bibliometric tracking on COVID-19 publication and further research needs

Zhao

Wei

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

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A review on presence, survival, disinfection/removal methods of coronavirus in wastewater and progress of wastewater-based epidemiology

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 73 publications

References 89 publications

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance

Water science under the global epidemic of COVID-19: Bibliometric tracking on COVID-19 publication and further research needs

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