A review on impedimetric immunosensors for pathogen and biomarker detection

Abstract

Since the discovery of antibiotics in the first quarter of the twentieth century, their use has been the principal approach to treat bacterial infection. Modernized medicine such as cancer therapy, organ transplantation or advanced major surgeries require effective antibiotics to manage bacterial infections. However, the irresponsible use of antibiotics along with the lack of development has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance which is considered a serious global threat due to the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Wang et al. in Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis, pp. 1645-1658, 2018). Currently employed diagnostics techniques are microscopy, colony counting, ELISA, PCR, RT-PCR, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and others. These techniques provide satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity (Joung et al. in Sens Actuators B Chem 161:824-831, 2012). Nevertheless, they demand specialized personnel and expensive and sophisticated machinery which can be labour-intensive and time-consuming, (

Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

“…Literatures reveal that most of the studies use (Fe(CN) 6 4− / Fe(CN) 6 3− ) as the redox probe for monitoring the charge transfer resistance (Rct) before and after the bio-recognition event. Other redox probes used include [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+/2+ and ferrocene (Fc + /Fc) [ 64 ].…”

Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Conducting Polymers: A Review

“…Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive technique for the analysis of biomolecular recognition events of specific binding proteins, nucleic acids, whole cells, antibodies or antibody-related substances, occurring at the modified surface [88][89][90]. In particular, many studies on impedometric biosensors are focused on immunosensors since the bonding between antibodies and antigens leads to the formation of an immunocomplex resulting in electron transfers and impedance changes (see Section 4.2).…”

Advances in Optical Biosensors and Sensors Using Nanoporous Anodic Alumina

“…An immunosensor is a highly affinity-based bioanalytical device that works based on interactions between an immobilized antibody (bio-recognizers) on a transducer and an analyte in the solution [ 127 ].…”