“…Such material processing can be performed by the conventional FSP method by introducing structural and/or functional particles by different methods, such as upward friction stir processing (UFSP) [92], or even by incorporating distinct features, such as friction stir-based channeling. As reported by the TWI, friction stir-based channeling was revealed to be remarkably promising in orbital applications, such as relatively compact-size heat exchangers for different thermal management tubular systems, for instance, pipe cooling [93]. Likewise, trends in OFSW encompass better weld quality (attributed to enhanced material mixing and increased tool life), the ability to join complex geometries, improved productivity, and process optimization, including tool design and rotational speed, among others.…”