Novel Technique for Design and Manufacture of Alternating Gradient Composite Structure of Aluminum Alloys Using Solid State Additive Manufacturing Technique

Abstract

This work analyzes a novel solid-state manufacturing approach of a friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) technique for fabricating multiple layers of alternating gradient composite structure using alternate layers of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys of 3 mm thickness. The evolution of the microstructure along the build direction and its impact on the tensile and microhardness properties were examined using optical microscopy, tensile tests, and Vickers microhardness tests. Nonuniform microstructures were detected along the build direction, and it was concluded that the most productive part of the construction was the nugget zone, which had fine equiaxed grains. It was identified that the grain sizes and precipitate sizes were affected by the varying thermal cycles created by the multiple passes of the tool. These events were identified as the primary reasons for the increase in strength and hardness of the FSAM build from the lower layer to the upper layer. In the final FSAM build the maximum hardness value was obtained as 182.3 HV and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 420 MPa both of which were identified at the topmost layer. Moreover, the postmortem of the fractured samples revealed that the cause of failure was a combination of both ductile and brittle fractures. The findings of this study suggest that the FSAM approach may be used to fabricate large structures that are free of defects having expected mechanical characteristics and hence the newly fabricated composite can be used as a suitable substitute for the conventional AA6061 material applied in automobile components for its improved performance.

A Comprehensive Review of Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing (FSAM) of Non-Ferrous Alloys

“…Kissing defects form due to the oxidation layer formation in two adjacent layers and dispersed irregularly along travelling direction, which can be avoided by increasing forging force. Similarly, the same type of defects were observed by H. Venkit [ 93 ] during fabrication of alternative gradient composite structure containing multiple sheets of Al-6061 and Al-7075. M. Sigl et al [ 67 ] used FSAM to improve weld top surface and quality (micro-defects).…”

“…H. Venkit [ 93 ] created a metallic gradient composite structure by alternately stacking 3 mm thick seven plates of Al-6061-T6 and Al-7075-T6, like the K. Jha [ 94 ] study. When the Al-7075 plate was on top, the parameters were set to 1100 rpm and 50 mm/min, and when the Al-6061 plate was on top, the parameters were set to 1200 rpm and 40 mm/min.…”

“… Microhardness and strength illustration of an alternative gradient structure obtained using the FSAM technique (reprinted from [ 93 ] permission not required). …”