A review on chemical and physical modifications of phytosterols and their influence on bioavailability and safety

Feng, Simin; Wang, Liling; Shao, Ping; Sun, Peilong; Yang, Chung S.

doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1888692

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Thus, the bioavailability of β ‐sitosterol was significantly increased by chemical modifications, which was consistent with the study of Feng et al. (2021).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The fraction incorporated into mixed micelles of the gastrointestinal tract was related to the bioavailability (McClements et al, 2009). Thus, the bioavailability of β-sitosterol was significantly increased by chemical modifications, which was consistent with the study of Feng et al (2021).…”

Section: Competitive Solubilization Of Cholesterol and β-Sitosterol D...supporting

confidence: 84%

“…Generally speaking, the recommended intake of phytosterols is 2 g/day to decrease the LDL‐C level by 7%–12% (Gies et al., 2020). However, the application of free phytosterols (FPs) in foods was limited due to problems of poor solubility and bioavailability (Feng et al., 2021). Thus, there is an ongoing interest in enhancing the physicochemical and functional properties of FPs through structural modification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

Chen

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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Phytosterols have received an extensive attention owing to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity and the role in cardiovascular diseases prevention. Phytosterol diacid monoesters, the important intermediates in the structural modification of free phytosterols, were usually obtained by chemical method with catalyst. The aim of this research was to provide an eco-friendly approach for the preparation of phytosterol diacid monoester and explore the possible mechanism of their hypocholesteremic effect using model bile mixed micelles. Catalyst-free synthesis of β-sitosterol with succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and glutaric anhydride was investigated and optimized. The yields of three β-sitosterol diacid monoesters all reached above 94% under optimum reaction conditions and their chemical structures were confirmed further by mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared with β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol diacid monoesters possessed the increased thermal stability (up to an above 355.28 • C) and improved solubility in binary mixed micelle system (exceeding 1.7 mM) and similar cholesterol-lowering activity (7.78%-11.05%). Moreover, β-sitosterol diacid monoesters showed the competitive effect on solubilization of cholesterol due to their enhanced micellar incorporation capacity. Overall, the competition with cholesterol in vitro gives useful information about the cholesterol-lowering activity of phytosterol diacid monoesters, which will further expand their applications in the food industry and health.

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“…Thus, the bioavailability of β ‐sitosterol was significantly increased by chemical modifications, which was consistent with the study of Feng et al. (2021).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Competitive Solubilization Of Cholesterol and β-Sitosterol D...supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

Chen

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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“…A high amount of linoleic acid in ω-6 fatty acid has inflammatory properties [169]. Plant based phytosterols inhibit bile flow, increase triglyceride storage, increase hepatic cholestasis, and increase neurological disorders [170,171]. Phytosterols are thought to be toxic to hepatocytes, but if they are taken enterally, they are absorbed by GI tract.…”

Section: Bile Acid Agonists (Int-777 Int-747): Supporting Liver Funct...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenteral Nutrition Modeling and Research Advances

Kumari¹,

Pierre²

2022

Preclinical Animal Modeling in Medicine

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Parenteral nutrition (PN) provides nutritional support intravenously to individuals who have gastrointestinal (GI) failure or contraindication to enteral feeding. Since the initial development of PN, researchers have developed specialized formulas with complete macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to support patients’ metabolic needs. These formulas prevent malnutrition and optimize patient health, especially under long-term feeding circumstances. Although PN is commonly used and essential in preterm and malnourished patients, complications associated with PN feeding include gastrointestinal defects, infection, and other metabolic abnormalities such as liver injury and brain related disorders. In this chapter, we highlight an overview of PN and its association with abnormalities of microbiome composition as well as with gastrointestinal (GI), immune, hepatic, and neuronal disfunction. Within the gut, PN influences the number and composition of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) cells, altering adaptive immune responses. PN also modulates intestinal epithelium cell turnover, secretions, and gut barrier function, as well as the composition of the intestinal microbiome leading to changes in gut permeability. Collectively, these changes result in increased susceptibility to infection and injury. Here, we highlight animal models used to examine parenteral nutrition, changes that occur to the major organ systems, and recent advancement in using enteric nervous system (ENS) neuropeptides or microbially derived products during PN, which may improve GI, immune cell, hepatic, and neuronal function.

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“…Nanoparticles may exert toxic effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in animals, after entering the human body, contacting with cells and producing toxic effects ( 129 , 130 ). Recently, increasing evidences have demonstrated that the induction of autophagy by nanoparticles can also cause nanotoxicity ( 131 , 132 ). Additionally, concern about penetration of biopersistent solid nanoparticles into the skin which could lead to damage to viable epidermal cells or accumulation in secondary organs following biodistribution was also in the spotlight ( 133 , 134 ).…”

Section: Safety Of Nanocarriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Recently, owing to well-controlled release, enhanced distribution and increased permeability, nanocarriers used for alternative drug and food-delivery strategies have received increasingly attentions. Nanocarriers have attracted a large amount of interest as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules for multiple applications. Drug and food-based delivery via polymeric-based nanocarriers and lipid-based nanocarriers has been widely investigated. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, are more and more widely used in the area of novel nano-pharmaceutical or food-based design. Herein, we aimed to discuss the recent advancement of different surface-engineered nanocarriers type, along with cutting-edge applications for food and nanomedicine and highlight the alternative of phytochemical as nanocarrier. Additionally, safety concern of nanocarriers was also highlighted.

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A review on chemical and physical modifications of phytosterols and their influence on bioavailability and safety

Cited by 51 publications

References 133 publications

Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

Catalyst‐free synthesis of phytosterol diacid monoesters and their competitive effect on the solubilization of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles

Parenteral Nutrition Modeling and Research Advances

A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems

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