In the field of information extraction and retrieval, binary classification is the process of classifying given document/account on the basis of predefined classes. Sockpuppet detection is based on binary, in which given accounts are detected either sockpuppet or non-sockpuppet. Sockpuppets has become significant issues, in which one can have fake identity for some specific purpose or malicious use. Text categorization is also performed with binary classification. This research synthesizes binary classification in which various approaches for binary classification are discussed.
Adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, playing important roles in health. While adipose research largely focuses on obesity, fat also has other critical functions, producing adipocytokines and contributing to normal nutrient metabolism, which in turn play important roles in satiety and total energy homeostasis. SMAD2/3 proteins are downstream mediators of activin signaling, which regulate critical preadipocyte and mature adipocyte functions. Smad2 global knockout mice exhibit embryonic lethality, whereas global loss of Smad3 protects mice against diet‐induced obesity. The direct contributions of Smad2 and Smad3 in adipose tissues, however, are unknown. Here, we sought to determine the primary effects of adipocyte‐selective reduction of Smad2 or Smad3 on diet‐induced adiposity using Smad2 or Smad3 “floxed” mice intercrossed with Adiponectin‐Cre mice. Additionally, we examined visceral and subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation efficiency in vitro. Almost all wild type subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiated into mature adipocytes. In contrast, visceral preadipocytes differentiated poorly. Exogenous activin A suppressed differentiation of preadipocytes from both depots. Smad2 conditional knockout (Smad2cKO) mice did not exhibit significant effects on weight gain, irrespective of diet, whereas Smad3 conditional knockout (Smad3cKO) male mice displayed a trend of reduced body weight on high‐fat diet. On both diets, Smad3cKO mice displayed an adipose depot‐selective phenotype, with a significant reduction in subcutaneous fat mass but not visceral fat mass. Our data suggest that Smad3 is an important contributor to the maintenance of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in a sex‐selective fashion. These findings have implications for understanding SMAD‐mediated, depot selective regulation of adipocyte growth and differentiation.
Compared to males, premenopausal women and female rodents are protected against hepatic steatosis and present with higher functioning mitochondria (greater hepatic mitochondrial respiration and reduced H2O2 emission). Despite evidence that estrogen action mediates female protection against steatosis, mechanisms remain unknown. Here we validated a mouse model with inducible reduction of liver ERα (LERKO) via AAV Cre. We phenotyped the liver health and mitochondrial function of LERKO mice (n = 10-12 per group) on a short-term high-fat diet (HFD), and then tested if timing of LERKO induction at 2 timepoints (sexually immature: 4 wks old (n = 11 per group) vs. sexually mature: 8-10 wks old (n = 8 per group)) would impact HFD-induced outcomes. We opted for an inducible LERKO model due to known estrogen-mediated developmental programming, and report both receptor and tissue specificity with our model. Control mice were ERαfl/fl receiving AAV with GFP only. Results show that there were no differences in body weight/composition or hepatic steatosis in LERKO mice with either short-term (4 wk) or chronic (8 wk) high-fat feeding. Similarly, LERKO genotype nor timing of LERKO induction (pre vs post sexual maturity) did not alter hepatic mitochondrial O2 and H2O2 flux, coupling, or OXPHOS protein. Transcriptomic analysis showed that hepatic gene expression in LERKO was significantly influenced by developmental stage. Together, these studies suggest that hepatic ERα is not required in female protection against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis nor does it mediate sexual dimorphism in liver mitochondria function.
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