A Review of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging with a Focus on Inductive Coupling

Abstract

This article classifies, describes, and critically compares different compensation schemes, converter topologies, control methods, and coil structures of wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle battery charging, focusing on inductive power transfer. It outlines a path from the conception of the technology to the modern and cutting edge of the technology. First, the base principles of inductive coupling power transfer are supplied to give an appreciation for the operation and design of the systems. Then, compensation topologies and soft-switching techniques are introduced. Reimagined converter layouts that deviate from the typical power electronics topologies are introduced. Control methods are detailed alongside topologies, and the generalities of control are also included. The paper then addresses other essential aspects of wireless power transfer systems such as coil design, infrastructure, cost, and safety standards to give a broader context for the technology. Discussions and recommendations are also provided. This paper aims to explain the technology, its modern advancements, and its importance. With the need for electrification mounting and the automotive industry being at the forefront of concern, recent advances in wireless power transfer will inevitably play an essential role in the coming years to propel electric vehicles into the common mode of choice.

Powering the future: Exploring self‐charging cardiac implantable electronic devices and the Qi revolution

“…49 Air separates the primary and secondary coils in the system. 50 In a solenoid, an alternating current passes through the primary coil, creating an oscillating magnetic field. 49 When the changing magnetic field interacts with the secondary coil, a voltage is induced that is directly proportional to the alternating current frequency (Faraday's law) and directed so that the secondary coil's magnetic field opposes the inducing magnetic field (Lenz's law).…”

“…This induced current can be used to wirelessly charge the CIED from outside the body. 48,49,50,51 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] "skin effect." 55 The skin effect refers to the tendency of high frequency alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor, effectively increasing its resistance.…”

“…Inductive power transfer generates voltage using Faraday's and Lenz's electromagnetic induction laws 49 . Air separates the primary and secondary coils in the system 50 . In a solenoid, an alternating current passes through the primary coil, creating an oscillating magnetic field 49 .…”

Challenges and Barriers of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles

“…The suggested frequency band per SAE 2954 is 85 kHz for any light-duty electric cars (81.39 kHz-90 kHz). Table 4 [151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158] shows the major wireless charging standards ready to be checked in the next years to be cyber-resilient [159]. A schematic diagram of a static wireless charging improvement for a stationary placement is shown in the Figure 7.…”

Development of Wireless Power-Transmission-Based Photodynamic Therapy for the Induction of Cell Death in Cancer Cells by Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes

“…To overcome these limitations of PSs and the irradiation light, wireless power transmission (WPT) has gained considerable interest for possible use in transferring electric energy from a transmitter coil (transmitting device) to a receiver coil (receiving device) without a direct connection [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. In WPT, a transmitting device driven by electric power transfers electric energy from a transmitting device to a receiving device through microwaves, ultrasonic waves, magnetic coupling, and electronic coupling without a direct electrical cable [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], and this technology has been applied to electric vehicles (EVs) [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], the Internet of Things (IoT) [ 44 , 45 ], and medicinal implants [ 46 , 47 ], as well as related fields. Applications of WPT to PDT have also been reported, in which receiving devices containing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are implanted onto tumors in living animals, and power is wirelessly transferred from the transmitting device through magnetic coupling to photoirradiate (green or red light) PSs such as photofrin and chlorin e6; this approach has been reported to cause a decrease in tumor volume [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”