A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps

Abstract

Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of mangosteen peel extract and synergistic capacity in beef burger preservation

“…The hybrid innovative techniques have been demonstrated to offer better extraction efficiency than their single ones (Muñoz‐Almagro et al ., 2021). In addition, the maturity of mangosteen, which is classified into six stages, has been stated to have significant influence on phytochemical contents (Yuvanatemiya et al ., 2022). Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacity of MPE through DPPH radical scavenging activity was 225.85 mg AAE g −1 dry extract.…”

Natural Products Isolated from Various Parts of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as Therapeutic Agent: A Review

“…Xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds, are the primary bioactive constituents found in mangosteen. These compounds have been extensively studied for their potential healthpromoting effects, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties [10]. They have been shown to scavenge free radicals, reduce inflammation, inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, and exhibit toxicity effects on cancer cells.…”

“…It also shows promise in managing diabetes by regulating blood glucose levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity [3][4][5]. Additionally, mangosteen extracts have exhibited neuroprotective effects, which could have implications for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases [10].…”

Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp

“…Mangosteen is a spherical fruit; when immature, it has a green color, and when entirely mature, its color is completely purple. This fruit holds many edible sweet petals (pulp), with delicious and widely appreciated unique flavor and aroma-so much that mangosteen is considered a delicacy worldwide [3].…”

“…Notwithstanding, most of these potential health effects are not scientifically supported [10] for the pharmaceutical use of mangosteen. Moreover, the greater part of existing scientific evidence on mangosteen fruit and its by-products, including original articles and reviews, only addresses its xanthones compounds and corresponding bioactivities [3,11,12]. In addition, the correlation between the mangosteen chemical composition and its bioactive profile has not been completely elucidated yet [7,13,14].…”