Insights into the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioactive Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp

Abstract

The industrial processing of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates high amounts of waste, as ~60% of the fruit is formed by an inedible pericarp. However, its pericarp has been explored as a source of xanthones; nevertheless, studies addressing the recovery of other chemical compounds from such biomass are still scarce. Hence, this study intended to elucidate the chemical composition of the mangosteen pericarp, including fat-soluble (tocopherols and fatty acids) and water-soluble (organic acids and phenolic compound non-xanthones) compounds present in the following extracts: hydroethanolic (MT80), ethanolic (MTE), and aqueous (MTW). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antibacterial potentials of the extracts were assessed. The mangosteen pericarp showed a composition with seven organic acids, three tocopherol isomers, four fatty acids and fifteen phenolic compounds. Regarding the extraction of phenolics, the MT80 was the most efficient (54 mg/g extract), followed by MTE (19.79 mg/g extract) and MTW (4.011 mg/g extract). All extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activities; however, MT80 and MTE extracts were more efficient than MTW. Only MTW did not show anti-inflammatory properties, whereas MTE and MT80 showed inhibitory activities towards tumor cell lines. Notwithstanding, MTE showed cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Our findings support the idea that the ripe mangosteen pericarp is a source of bioactive compounds, although their recovery is dependent on the extraction solvent.

Recovery of anthocyanins from Eugenia spp. fruit peels: a comparison between heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction

“…20 The detected anthocyanins were identied by comparing their retention times and UV-Vis and mass spectra with data from the literature. 21,22 This way, four anthocyanins were found in E. brasiliensis fruit peel extract, namely delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, while E. involucrata fruit peel extract contained the same anthocyanins plus delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, thus totalizing ve compounds. These anthocyanins were quantied (as mg per g extract, E) using a seven-level calibration curve constructed with a commercial standard of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (y = 129 688x − 42 802; r 2 = 0.9969); limits of detection and quantication of 0.59 mg mL −1 and 1.81 mg mL −1 , respectively.…”

Anthocyanin physiology and biochemistry in fleshy fruit species: Mangosteen as a model

“…phenolics and flavonoids, but the pericarp appears to contain the greatest number of different bioactive compounds which are also present in the highest concentrations (Albuquerque et al, 2022;Kalick et al, 2023;Rohman et al, 2019;Sukatta et al, 2013). For example, the anthocyanin content of the outer pericarp has been shown to be significantly higher than that of the inner pericarp at all stages of fruit ripening; it increased to a maximum at the final color stage (Palapol, Ketsa, Stevenson, et al, 2009).…”

Optimization of solvent and extraction time on secondary metabolite content of mangosteen leaf (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a feed additive candidate on poultry

“…Indonesia boasts a potentially valuable natural growth promoter in mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L. ). The mangosteen rind (powder and extract) is rich in several bioactive compounds, including xanthones and their derivatives [ 6 ], anthocyanins [ 7 ], phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids [ 8 ]. These active compounds have properties such as antioxidants [ 6 , 8 ], anti-bacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory [ 6 ], and anti-cancer [ 7 ].…”

“…The mangosteen rind (powder and extract) is rich in several bioactive compounds, including xanthones and their derivatives [ 6 ], anthocyanins [ 7 ], phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids [ 8 ]. These active compounds have properties such as antioxidants [ 6 , 8 ], anti-bacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory [ 6 ], and anti-cancer [ 7 ]. These compounds effectively increase appetite, immunity, digestive tract health, and antioxidants, improving livestock performance.…”