A review of the environmental factors influencing calf respiratory disease

Roe, Cynthia

doi:10.1016/0002-1571(82)90038-3

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The main route of infection is direct transmission via nasal secretions or droplets. This makes adequate ventilation of the calf s environment an important consideration (Roe, 1982). The pneumonic process may range from subclinical or chronic to fulminating acute (Kiorpes et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves

Sivula

Ames

Marsh

et al. 1996

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

137

123

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A prospective study was carried out on 845 heifer calves born during 1991 on 30 Holstein dairy farms in southeast Minnesota. The objectives of the study were to describe the epidemiology of morbidty and mortality in dairy calves from birth to 16 weeks of age (with an emphasis on respiratory disease), to examine individual calf and herd management practices as risk factors for calf morbidity and mortality, and to validate producer diagnosis of mortality. Incidence rates for all morbidity, enteritis, and pneumonia were 0.20, 0.15, and 0.10 cases per 100 calf-days at risk for the period of the study. Risk of enteritis was highest in the first 3 weeks of life, with pneumonia risk highest at 10 weeks of age. Case fatality rates averaged 11.8%, 17.9%, and 9.4% for all diagnoses, enteritis, and pneumonia, respectively. Average daily rates of gain from birth to 16 weeks Iof age differed between farms that had inadequate calf housing (0.8 kg day-') versus those with adequate calf housing (1.0 kg day-i). Approximately half of the calves in the cohort (418) had blood samples taken monthly from birth until 16 weeks of age. Of the calves sampled, only 19 c,alves showed a four-fold rise in serum titers to respiratory viruses. Sixteen calves seroconverted to BVDV, two calves to IBRV, and one calf to PI3 virus. Of 98 calves less than 10 days of age tested for adequacy of passive transfer, 35 (35.7%) had serum immunoglobulin levels of less than 800 mg dl-'. There were no significant differences in mortality or morbidity between calves that had adequate passive transfer and those that did not. The incidence of mortality was 0.08 deaths per 100 calf-days at risk; 64 calves died during the 16 months of the study. The risk of death was highest at 2 weeks of age. Enteritis was the most common cause of death (28 deaths, 44% of all deaths) followed by pneumonia (19 deaths, 30% of all deaths). Comparing producer diagnosis of mortality with necropsy results yielded sensitivities of 58.3% and 56% and specifici-* Corresponding author at: Minnesota Veterinary Hospital, 4545 Hodgson Road, Saint Paul, MN 55126, USA. Tel: -I-l-61 2-484333 1. Elsevier Science B.V. SSDl 0167.5877(95)01000-9 156 N.J. Siuula et al./ Preventiue Veterinary Medicine 27 (I 996) 155-l 71ties of 93% and 100% for producer diagnoses of enteritis and pneumonia, respectively. The kappa statistic comparing producer diagnosis with necropsy result was 0.47. The most common pathogens isolated from calves that died of enteritis were rotavirus (five calves), and Escherichia coli (four calves). Pathogens isolated from pneumonic lungs included Pasteurella multocida (three calves), Haemophilus somnus (three calves), and Pasteurella haemolytica (one calf). NJ. Sivula et al./PreoentiueVeterinary Medicine 27 (19%) 155-171 157

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves

Sivula

Ames

Marsh

et al. 1996

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

137

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…BOVINE respiratory disease is one of the most important disease complexes affecting the commercial rearing of dairy and beef cattle. Calves often become susceptible to respiratory disease as a result of stress arising from such factors as other diseases, environmental conditions, poor housing, poor nutrition or transportation (Roe 1982, Knowles 1995, and viral infections frequently predispose them to secondary bacterial infections (Bryson 1985). In outbreaks of calf pneumonia the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens include Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus (Bryson 1985, Ames 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory disease in European cattle

Rowan¹,

Sarasola²,

Sunderland

et al. 2004

Veterinary Record

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The efficacy of an injectable formulation of danofloxacin (180 mg/ml) in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease was evaluated in field studies on farms in France, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Cattle aged one week to 15 months with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 6 mg/kg danofloxacin or 10 mg/kg tilmicosin, administered by a single subcutaneous injection on day 0. A second injection of danofloxacin was administered on day 2, only if predefined clinical criteria were met. Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus were isolated from pretreatment nasopharyngeal swabs taken on all the farms. After the treatment, there was a more rapid improvement in the clinical response of the 178 animals treated with danofloxacin by day 2 (P < 0.01) than in the 90 treated with tilmicosin. For both treatments, there were similar significant (P < 0.001) reductions in the mean rectal temperature and severity of clinical signs of abnormal respiration and depression, on days 4 and 10 compared with day 0; 78.1 per cent of the animals treated with danofloxacin and 78.5 per cent of those treated with tilmicosin completed the studies. Danofloxacin 18 per cent was clinically safe and as effective as tilmicosin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease.

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“…Sufficient air volume was commonly provided to calves on-farm which is positive for calf health. The promotion of air changes within a house regulates temperature and humidity while minimising stagnation of airborne microorganisms [ 26 ]. Similar to a previous study [ 27 ], an association was found in this study whereby diarrhoea was less likely to be an issue on-farm if sufficient air and floor space allowances were provided to calves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Calf Housing Facilities Pre-Weaning, Management Practices and Farmer Perceptions of Calf Welfare on Irish Dairy Farms

Sinnott

Bokkers

Murphy

et al. 2023

Animals

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It is unknown whether calf rearing facilities in the Republic of Ireland are fit for purpose, or if facilities sufficiently consider calf and farmer welfare. The aim of this study was to review current calf housing facilities and management practices on Irish farms to determine if calves are reared in structurally appropriate facilities with management decisions that safeguard calf and farmer welfare. Fifty-one farms located in the Munster region in the Republic of Ireland were visited twice: (1) Pre-calving (December–January) and (2) During peak calving (January–March). During visit one, herd owners completed a questionnaire regarding calf housing and management practices on-farm and each facility used to rear calves was measured (measurement of cubic air capacity, ventilation, pen area, drainage etc.) without calves being present. Visit two consisted of a short interview with the principal calf manager to validate previously asked questions and environmental based measurements of each calf house that had been recorded, with any deviation from the first visit noted (measurements of temperature, wind speed, light intensity, facility provisions in-house and in-pen; calves present). Average herd size was 254, operating a spring calving system with a median calving season length of 11.6 weeks. While most farms expanded (88%; N = 51), this did not appear to have negatively affected calf space allowances (9.9% houses overcrowded at a space allowance of 1.5 m2/calf; N = 121). Calves were most commonly housed in group sizes of < 12 (71.6% of all groupings; N = 394), with farmers moving away from individual housing for a period immediately post-birth, to grouping them immediately instead (58.8%; N = 51). The number of farmers testing colostrum was 31.4% (N = 51). Although the calving season was compact, most farmers were unconcerned about the upcoming spring workload (58.8%; N = 51). Farms appeared sufficiently prepared for spring, with most using the same number or less sheds during visit two than declared in visit one (76.5%; N = 51). To conclude, farmers made sufficient provision for calf housing and space allowances for calves that facilitated group housing post-birth. While structural and management components of rearing systems appear in line with sectoral recommendations, certain areas require attention on many farms (e.g., colostrum testing) to safeguard calf welfare and reduce the workload associated with calf rearing for farmers.

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A review of the environmental factors influencing calf respiratory disease

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves

Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves

Efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory disease in European cattle

A Survey of Calf Housing Facilities Pre-Weaning, Management Practices and Farmer Perceptions of Calf Welfare on Irish Dairy Farms

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