Peroxisome proliferator
receptor gamma (PPARγ), a type II
nuclear receptor, fundamental in the regulation of genes, glucose
metabolism, and insulin sensitization has been shown to be impacted
by per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). To consider the influence
of PFASs upon PPARγ, the molecular interactions of 27 PFASs
have been investigated. Two binding sites have been identified on
the PPARγ homodimer structure: the dimer pocket and the ligand
binding pocket, the former has never been studied prior. Molecular
dynamics calculations were performed to gain insights about PFASs-PPARγ
binding and the role of acidic and basic residues. The electrostatic
interactions for acidic and basic residues far from the binding site
were probed, together with their effect on PPARγ recognition.
Short-range electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with nearby
residues and their influence on binding energies were investigated.
As the negative effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate acid were previously
shown to be alleviated by one of its natural ligands,
l
-carnitine,
here, the utility of
l
-carnitine as a possible inhibitor
for other PFASs has been considered. A comparison of the binding patterns
of
l
-carnitine and PFASs provides insights toward mitigation
strategies for PFASs.