A Resource Account of Inhibition

Conway, Andrew R. A.; Tuholski, Stephen W.; Shisler, Rebecca J.

doi:10.1037/e537272012-242

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…In particular, studies have demonstrated that emotional arousal can impede perceptual memory (Richards andGross, 1999, 2000;Richards, 2004) and increase memories for emotional states (Richards et al, 2003). One explanation that has been proposed for this efffect is that expressive suppression and memory retention compete for cognitive resources, a notion that corresponds with a general resource depletion model of executive function in which attention, working memory, and voluntary thought and behaviour utilise the same frontal regions in the human brain (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908;Ellis and Ashbrook, 1989;Christianson, 1992;Wegner et al, 1993;Engle et al, 1995;Kirchbaum et al, 1996;Baumeister et al, 1998;Macrae et al, 1998;Schjoedt et al, 2011Schjoedt et al, , 2013. This efffect may be especially relevant in highly arousing social events where cultural norms impose strong expressive suppression on participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autobiographical Memory in a Fire-Walking Ritual

Xygalatas¹,

Schjoedt²,

Bulbulia³

et al. 2013

Journal of Cognition and Culture

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Anthropological theories have discussed the efffects of participation in high-arousal rituals in the formation of autobiographical memory; however, precise measurements for such efffects are lacking. In this study, we examined episodic recall among participants in a highly arousing firewalking ritual. To assess arousal, we used heart rate measurements. To assess the dynamics of episodic memories, we obtained reports immediately after the event and two months later. We evaluated memory accuracy from video footage. Immediately after the event, participants' reports revealed limited recall, low confĳidence and high accuracy. Two months later we found more inaccurate memories and higher confĳidence. Whereas cognitive theories of ritual have predicted flashbulb memories for highly arousing rituals, we found that memories were strongly suppressed immediately after the event and only later evolved confĳidence and detail. Physiological measurements revealed a spectacular discrepancy between actual heart rates and self-reported arousal. This dissociation between subjective reports and objective measurements of arousal is consistent with a cognitive resource depletion model. We argue that expressive suppression may provide a link between individual memories and cultural understandings of high-arousal rituals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autobiographical Memory in a Fire-Walking Ritual

Xygalatas¹,

Schjoedt²,

Bulbulia³

et al. 2013

Journal of Cognition and Culture

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“…Such work has suggested that an integral aspect of selectively attending to objects in the environment is the active suppression of competing distractor objects (e.g., Houghton & Tipper, 19%;Neill, 1977). Moreover, these inhibitory processes are effortful d may be thwarted by an attentional load (e.g., Engle, Conway, Tuholski, & Shisler, 1995;Roberts, Hager, & Heron, 1994). M. C. Anderson and Neely (1996) further proposed that retrieval is an attentional act, that is, an internally focused selective-attention process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, consistent with an inhibition interpretation, "forgotten" items are only temporarily inaccessible and rebound to normal levels of accessibility under certain testing conditions (e.g., Bjork et al, 1973;Bjork et al, 1984). Work with the negative priming task has already suggested that higher working-memory capacity affords more efficient attentional inhibition (Conway, Tuholski, Shisler, & Engle, 1999;Engle, Conway, et al, 1995), and so an inhibitory explanation of encodingload effects for high spans seems tenable.…”

Section: Interference Resistance At Encoding and Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval.

Kane¹,

Engle²

2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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496

498

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Abstract:Two experiments examined how individual differences in working-memory capacity (WM) relate -to proactive interference (PI) susceptibility. We tested high and low WM-span participants in a PI-buildup task under singletask or dual-task ("load") conditions. In Experiment 1, a finger-tapping task was imposed during encoding anti retrieval of each list; in Experiment 2, tapping was required during encoding or retrieval. In both experiments, low spans showed greater PI than did high spans under no load, but groups showed equivalent PI under divided attention. Load increased PI only for high spans, suggesting they use attention at encoding and retrieval to combat N. In Experiment 2, only low spans showed a dual-task cost on List 1 memory, before PI built up. Results indicate a role for attentional processing, perhaps inhibitory in nature, at encoding and retrieval, and are discussed with respect to theories of WM and prefrontal cortex function. Article:The central executive component of working memory is now a focus of theoretical and empirical interest. Although its functions are still under-specified, they are most often characterized as "attentional"

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“…A variety of behavioral studies suggests that working memory capacity and interference resolution are interrelated functions [11,21,24]. According to this view, controlled capacity is necessary to maintain memory representations in the focus of attention, particularly in the face of interference and distraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociable brain mechanisms for inhibitory control: effects of interference content and working memory capacity

Mecklinger

Weber

Gunter

et al. 2003

Cognitive Brain Research

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In this study, event-related fMRI was used to examine whether the resolution of interference arising from two different information contents activates the same or different neuronal circuitries. In addition, we examined the extent to which these inhibitory control mechanisms are modulated by individual differences in working memory capacity. Two groups of participants with high and low working memory capacity [high span (HS) and low span (LS) participants, respectively] performed two versions of an item recognition task with familiar letters and abstract objects as stimulus materials. Interference costs were examined by means of the recent negative probe technique with otherwise identical testing conditions across both tasks. While the behavioral interference costs were of similar magnitude in both tasks, the underlying brain activation pattern differed between tasks: The object task interference-effects (higher activation in interference trials than in control trials) were restricted to the anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Interference effects for familiar letters were obtained in the anterior IPS, the left postero-ventral and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as the precuneus. As the letters were more discernible than the objects, the results suggest that the critical feature for PFC and precuneus involvement in interference resolution is the saliency of stimulus-response mappings.The interference effects in the letter task were modulated by working memory capacity: LS participants showed enhanced activation for interference trials only, whereas for HS participants, who showed better performance and also lower interference costs in the letter task, the above-mentioned neuronal circuitry was activated for interference and control trials, thereby attenuating the interference effects. The latter results support the view that HS individuals allocate more attentional resources for the maintenance of task goals in the face of interfering information from preceding trials with familiar stimulus materials. D

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A Resource Account of Inhibition

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Autobiographical Memory in a Fire-Walking Ritual

Autobiographical Memory in a Fire-Walking Ritual

Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval.

Dissociable brain mechanisms for inhibitory control: effects of interference content and working memory capacity

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