Abstract:Faz-se, aqui, uma investigação das razões da presença de práticas políticas do tipo clientelista entre setores das classes populares, no Brasil contemporâneo, enfatizando os anos 1990. Propõe-se valorizar as razões inscritas na própria conjuntura sócio-política que circunda o fenômeno, de modo que se vá além das explicações que se fiam nos aspectos histórico-culturais ou de viés economicista, exclusivamente. Para esse propósito, recorremos a fontes bibliográficas e a periódicos, dos quais se tirou uma interpre… Show more
“…With its national economy desperately in need of international capital inflows following the debt crisis of the early 1980s and the international moratoria declared by former president José Sarney to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1986, Brazilian policymakers found themselves under strong pressure to accept the prescriptions of multilateral international financial institutions. This process was backed by the major industrial countries and the principal creditors of the region (Ianni, 2000;Lenardão, 2008;Amann and Baer, 2002). Although President Collor initiated neoliberal political reforms in the early 1990s, during Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) Brazil witnessed a rapid programme of economic liberalization.…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to these institutions, the economic policy prescriptions were a necessary reform package for crisis-wracked developing countries. These market reforms carried out by the Cardoso administration mainly focused on five economic and political steps in order to balance the government's budget: 1) stabilizing national inflation through drastic fiscal adjustment; 2) privatizing state-owned enterprises, both in the industrial and public utility sectors 5 ; 3) trade liberalization, which consisted of pronounced declines in tariffs, and especially non-tariff protection to attract foreign investments; 4) outsourcing public services; and 5) stimulating compensatory public policies to replace universalism programmes, which sharply declined with the economic reforms (Amann and Baer, 2002;Lenardão, 2008). For example, Werner Baer (2001) notes that one amendment to the constitution eliminated any differentiation in the legal status of domestic and foreign firms.…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This process also resulted in low Brazilian public investment at the beginning of the neoliberal policy reforms in the early 1990s. As a consequence, the poor economic performance was accompanied by rising unemployment and the growth of the informal economy with a reduction of the share of labour in the national income from 50 per cent in 1980, to 40 per cent in the mid-1990s (Lenardão, 2008).…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
This article explores the effects of Brazil’s recent economic growth and the narrowing of the inequality gap on the second Brazilian migration wave to the UK over the last two decades. Migration-related research has emphatically argued that this ongoing international mobility results from transnational networks developed by pioneers who encouraged fellow citizens to travel. Although this paper considers social networks as an important factor shaping the movement of Brazilians abroad, we propose to debate contemporary Brazilian migration by shedding light on the national socio-economic policies implemented since the late 1990s. Thus, through a rigorous literature review of Brazilian transnational migration studies and multi-sited ethnography in Brazil and London, we focus particularly on how the opening up of the Brazilian economy to international capital flow, and the implementation of social programmes followed by the enlargement of its domestic consumer market, helps to explain the current increase and diversification of Brazilians abroad.
“…With its national economy desperately in need of international capital inflows following the debt crisis of the early 1980s and the international moratoria declared by former president José Sarney to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1986, Brazilian policymakers found themselves under strong pressure to accept the prescriptions of multilateral international financial institutions. This process was backed by the major industrial countries and the principal creditors of the region (Ianni, 2000;Lenardão, 2008;Amann and Baer, 2002). Although President Collor initiated neoliberal political reforms in the early 1990s, during Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) Brazil witnessed a rapid programme of economic liberalization.…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to these institutions, the economic policy prescriptions were a necessary reform package for crisis-wracked developing countries. These market reforms carried out by the Cardoso administration mainly focused on five economic and political steps in order to balance the government's budget: 1) stabilizing national inflation through drastic fiscal adjustment; 2) privatizing state-owned enterprises, both in the industrial and public utility sectors 5 ; 3) trade liberalization, which consisted of pronounced declines in tariffs, and especially non-tariff protection to attract foreign investments; 4) outsourcing public services; and 5) stimulating compensatory public policies to replace universalism programmes, which sharply declined with the economic reforms (Amann and Baer, 2002;Lenardão, 2008). For example, Werner Baer (2001) notes that one amendment to the constitution eliminated any differentiation in the legal status of domestic and foreign firms.…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This process also resulted in low Brazilian public investment at the beginning of the neoliberal policy reforms in the early 1990s. As a consequence, the poor economic performance was accompanied by rising unemployment and the growth of the informal economy with a reduction of the share of labour in the national income from 50 per cent in 1980, to 40 per cent in the mid-1990s (Lenardão, 2008).…”
Section: Brazil In the Late 1990s And 2000s: From Unreg-ulated Marketmentioning
This article explores the effects of Brazil’s recent economic growth and the narrowing of the inequality gap on the second Brazilian migration wave to the UK over the last two decades. Migration-related research has emphatically argued that this ongoing international mobility results from transnational networks developed by pioneers who encouraged fellow citizens to travel. Although this paper considers social networks as an important factor shaping the movement of Brazilians abroad, we propose to debate contemporary Brazilian migration by shedding light on the national socio-economic policies implemented since the late 1990s. Thus, through a rigorous literature review of Brazilian transnational migration studies and multi-sited ethnography in Brazil and London, we focus particularly on how the opening up of the Brazilian economy to international capital flow, and the implementation of social programmes followed by the enlargement of its domestic consumer market, helps to explain the current increase and diversification of Brazilians abroad.
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