A radiological study on the development of vertebral deformities in cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Fjelldal, Per Gunnar; Hansen, Tom; Berg, A.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.009

Cited by 102 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, the disease is progressive because the number of adjacent compressed vertebra rise over time (Fjelldal et al, 2007b;Witten et al, 2006). In the normal vertebra neighboring the deformed region, no differences in collagen type XI a1 expression were observed, which indicated that its reduced expression in the compact bone of compressed vertebrae was not related to the etiology of the deformity.…”

Section: A Wargelius and Othersmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This malformation seem to develop late in ontogeny (Berg et al, 2006;Witten et al, 2006;Fjelldal et al, 2007b), and has been associated with factors such as mineral malnutrition , and vaccination (Berg et al, 2006). Compressed vertebrae have been characterized morphologically (Kvellestad et al, 2000;Witten et al, 2005;Fjelldal et al, 2007a;Fjelldal et al, 2007b), however, the molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis have yet to be identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low mineral content and mechanical strength of the vertebrae have been associated with the development of vertebral anterior-posterior compression Fjelldal et al, 2007b;Fjelldal et al, 2009), which is the most common deformity in farmed Atlantic salmon and is usually restricted to the tail region of the vertebral column (Witten et al, 2005;Berg et al, 2006;Fjelldal et al, 2008). A compressed vertebra has a normal central part where the angle between the wall of the cone of the vertebra and the anterior-posterior axis is approximately 45 deg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collagen type XI α1 may be involved in the structural plasticity of the vertebral column in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Wargelius

Fjelldal

Nordgarden

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vertebral bone displays plasticity in structure, osteoid secretion and mineralization in response to photoperiod. Other properties of the vertebral bone, such as mineral content and mechanical strength, are also associated with common malformations in farmed Atlantic salmon. The biological mechanisms that underlie these changes in bone physiology are unknown, and in order to elucidate which factors might be involved in this process, microarray assays were performed on vertebral bone of Atlantic salmon reared under natural or continuous light. Eight genes were upregulated in response to continuous light treatment, whereas only one of them was upregulated in a duplicate experiment. The transcriptionally regulated gene was predicted to code for collagen type XI α1, a protein known to be involved in controlling the diameter of fibrillar collagens in mammals. Furthermore, the gene was highly expressed in the vertebrae, where spatial expression was found in trabecular and compact bone osteoblasts and in the chordoblasts of the notochordal sheath. When we measured the expression level of the gene in the tissue compartments of the vertebrae, the collagen turned out to be 150 and 25 times more highly expressed in the notochord and compact bone respectively, relative to the expression in the trabecular bone. Gene expression was induced in response to continuous light, and reduced in compressed vertebrae. The downregulation in compressed vertebrae was due to reduced expression in the compact bone, while expression in the trabecular bone and the notochord was unaffected. These data support the hypothesis that this gene codes for a presumptive collagen type XI α1, which may be involved in the regulatory pathway leading to structural adaptation of the vertebral architecture.

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Section: A Wargelius and Othersmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collagen type XI α1 may be involved in the structural plasticity of the vertebral column in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Wargelius

Fjelldal

Nordgarden

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Twenty different spinal deformity subtypes have been described in Atlantic salmon (Witten et al 2009). In this species, vertebral compressions and fusions are reported most frequently and are suspected to be the result of altered vertebral bone development (Witten et al 2005, 2006, Fjelldal et al 2007). In contrast, vertical or horizontal curvature of the spine (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis: LKS) is rare in farmed Atlantic salmon (Boglione et al 2013b).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral perivertebral fibrosis associated with lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis (LKS) in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand

Munday¹,

Perrott²,

Symonds³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…VCD exhibits major deviations in the column curvature (Gavaia et al, 2001;Silverstone & Hammell, 2002;Lewis et al, 2004;Sullivan et al, 2007) and morphological anomalies in the vertebral bodies (Witten et al, 2006;Fjelldal et al, 2007), lower weight, lower survival, faulty swimming, decreased body length and increased susceptibility to other stressors and diseases (Boglione et al, 2001., Gjerde et al) VCD was first reported in 1981 (McKay & Gjerde, 1986), and associated to economic loss in the mid '90s. (Vagsholm & Djupvik, 1998), but its etiopathogeny is not yet understood (Fjelldal et al).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral Column Deformity and Hypoxia in Salmo salar

Sánchez¹,

Obregón²,

Rauco³

2011

Int. J. Morphol.

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CASTRO, S. R.; BUSTOS OBREGON, E. & ROJAS, R. M. Vertebral column deformity and hypoxia in SUMMARY:Vertebral Column Deformity (VCD) is a common pathology in Chilean salmon farms, lowering the quality and commercialization of the product. Hypoxia has been related to other musculoskeletal deformities, but not to VCD. This work analyzes the morphology of the vertebral column of Salmo salar alevins, cultured under hypoxic conditions (60% O2 saturation in the water tanks) for different time periods after hatching (2, 4, 6 and 8 days). They are compared with their normoxic controls (100% O2 saturation). Using histological (H/E), and morphometric techniques, it was found that the time of exposure to hypoxia is inversely proportional to the body length, notochordal diameter and thickness of its sheath. The organic response to hypoxia was quantified by immunohistochemistry for HIF-1a as the sensor of hypoxia. Its expression increased significantly (p<0.05) in the experimental groups that exhibit VCD. Although etiology for VCD is probably multifactorial, this study allows for the conclusion that hypoxia by itself, produces VCD.

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A radiological study on the development of vertebral deformities in cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 102 publications

References 19 publications

Collagen type XI α1 may be involved in the structural plasticity of the vertebral column in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Collagen type XI α1 may be involved in the structural plasticity of the vertebral column in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Unilateral perivertebral fibrosis associated with lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis (LKS) in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand

Vertebral Column Deformity and Hypoxia in Salmo salar

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