Unilateral perivertebral fibrosis associated with lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis (LKS) in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand

Munday, John S.; Perrott, Matthew R.; Symonds, Jane E.; Walker, Seumas P.; Lovett, Bailey A.; Preece, Mark; Davie, Peter S.

doi:10.3354/dao03056

Cited by 15 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Hawes and O'Brien () state that in mammals, “Recent studies support the longstanding hypothesis that spinal deformity results directly from postural imbalance, irrespective of the primary trigger, because the dynamics of growth within vertebrae are altered by continuous asymmetric mechanical loading. These data suggest that, as long as growth potential remains, evolution of a spinal curvature into a spinal deformity can be prevented by reversing the state of continuous asymmetric loading.” While abnormal vertebral growth and development can and does result in vertebral deformities, spinal curvatures (LKS) seen in farmed Chinook salmon might be caused by asymmetric loading of the vertebral column and originate from pathology of non‐vertebral tissues, connective tissues in particular (Munday et al., ). Deformities of vertebral bony tissues apparent in radiographs may develop well after the initiating causal event(s).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we used a deformity-scoring regime identifying four common deformity categories or phenotypes and an 'other' category for uncommon phenotypes (Munday et al, 2016). These common deformities include several of the types as described below by Witten et al (2009) in parentheses.…”

Section: Radiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32, df = 3, P = .019). by asymmetric loading of the vertebral column and originate from pathology of non-vertebral tissues, connective tissues in particular (Munday et al, 2016). Deformities of vertebral bony tissues apparent in radiographs may develop well after the initiating causal event(s).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Main Deformity Phenotypes In Harvest Sized Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spinal curvatures and onset of vertebral deformities in farmed Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) in New Zealand

Perrott

Symonds

Walker³

et al. 2018

J Appl Ichthyol

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Summary The prevalence and onset of radiological skeletal deformities in tagged Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were investigated after 129 days in seawater at grading for removal of fish that failed to thrive (mean weight ± SEM, 432 ± 6.5 g) and again at harvest after 395 days (mean weight ± SEM, 3,721 ± 43 g). A scoring system identifying four categories of the radiographic deformity phenotype was established based on literature and evaluation of X‐rays of harvest‐size Chinook salmon. Deformity categories were: spinal curvature or Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis (LKS); Fusion; Compression and/or reduced inter‐vertebral (IV) space; Vertical shift. Of the 432 fish surviving to harvest and for which there were weights and diagnostic radiographs, 38.4% were affected by at least one deformity. Late onset LKS, detected at harvest, was the most prevalent deformity in 29.4% of all harvested fish. LKS was present alone with no other potentially confounding deformities in 10% of harvested fish. Cranial lordosis, a common LKS variant, in the postcranial region comprised half of LKS‐deformed fish. LKS commonly co‐existed with compression, a combination prevalent in harvest fish at 13.4%. Compression and/or reduced IV space detected in 22.0% of harvested fish was commonly associated with other deformity phenotypes (84/95 of fish with compression). Fusion and vertical shift were present in 7.6% and 4.6% of harvested fish, respectively. More than 77% of fish with any type of deformity developed the deformity within 9 months of harvest. Fusions that were visible in radiographs at grading persisted in fish that survived until harvest. In contrast, LKS, the most visible harvest deformity, was difficult to detect in radiographs from the earlier time point, suggesting that this economically important deformity develops at a relatively late stage of seawater growth. Deformed fish at harvest were smaller (mean ± SEM 3,479 ± 76 g) than normal (mean ± SEM 3,875 ± 51 g). Fish with no deformity grew at a significantly (p < .05) faster rate than fish that developed a deformity during this period or were already deformed at grading. The scoring system performed with a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 97.6% for Chinook salmon >500 g, and thus has a potential utility for other farmed salmonids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Main Deformity Phenotypes In Harvest Sized Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spinal curvatures and onset of vertebral deformities in farmed Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) in New Zealand

Perrott

Symonds

Walker³

et al. 2018

J Appl Ichthyol

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“…The very low rate of LKS in smolt supports previous observations that LKS develops later in life. While the cause of LKS in Chinook salmon remains unresolved, it is associated with unilateral inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that LKS could be caused by damage to the perivertebral soft tissues by a process that is restricted to fish close to the end of the production cycle (Munday et al., ). Interestingly, although LKS has also been reported in other farmed fish species, especially European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ), gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) and Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ); (Andrades, Becerra, & Fernández‐Llebrez, ; Boglione et al., ; Chatain, ), LKS in these fish species is observed early in life suggesting that LKS in Chinook salmon develops due to different mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of spinal abnormalities in Chinook salmon smolt and influence of early rearing temperature and growth rates

Munday

Perrott

Symonds

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Spinal abnormalities can be detected at harvest in around 40% of farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand. However, whether these abnormalities are present in smolt is unknown. Radiographs of 3,736 smolt were taken immediately prior to transfer to sea water and evaluated for fusions, compressions, vertical shifts, and lordosis, kyphosis and/or scoliosis (LKS). The survey included smolt from two different chilling strategies that had been graded into slow- or fast-growing fish. Overall, 4.34% of Chinook salmon smolt had at least one spinal abnormality, similar to the rates of reported in Atlantic salmon smolt. The rate of abnormality was significantly higher in faster-growing fish. Fusions were most common with 2.68% of smolt affected. Smolt subjected to longer chilling times had lower rates of fusions. Compressions and vertical shifts were both observed in 1.31% of smolt. Although LKS is the most common abnormality of harvested fish, LKS was detected in just five smolt. The results suggest that some fusions in harvest fish have developed at the time of seawater transfer while LKS develops late in the production cycle. Overall, spinal abnormalities are uncommon in Chinook salmon smolt and may be influenced by chilling times and growth rates.

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“…19.6% (22) 3.6% www.nature.com/scientificreports/ were significant associations between particular curvature types and spinal regions (χ 2 ΜΗ = 122.42, p < 0.01): lordosis most frequently occurred in R1 and R3, kyphosis in R2 and R4 and scoliosis in R2 and R3 (Table 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiographic characterisation of spinal curvature development in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout seawater production

Lovett

Firth

Tuck

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Spinal anomalies are a recognised source of downgrading in finfish aquaculture, but identifying their cause(s) is difficult and often requires extensive knowledge of the underlying pathology. Late-onset spinal curvatures (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis) can affect up to 40% of farmed New Zealand Chinook (king) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at harvest, but little is known about their pathogenesis. Curvature development was radiographically documented in two related cohorts of commercially-farmed Chinook salmon throughout seawater production to determine (1) the timing of radiographic onset and relationships between (2) the curvature types, (3) the spinal regions in which they develop and (4) their associations with co-existing vertebral body anomalies (vertebral compression, fusion and vertical shift). Onset of curvature varied between individuals, but initially occurred eight months post-seawater transfer. There were strong associations between the three curvature types and the four recognised spinal regions: lordosis was predominantly observed in regions (R)1 and R3, kyphosis in R2 and R4, manifesting as a distinct pattern of alternating lordosis and kyphosis from head to tail. This was subsequently accompanied by scoliosis, which primarily manifested in spinal regions R2 and R3, where most of the anaerobic musculature is concentrated. Co-existing vertebral body anomalies, of which vertebral compression and vertical shift were most common, appeared to arise either independent of curvature development or as secondary effects. Our results suggest that spinal curvature in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon constitutes a late-onset, rapidly-developing lordosis–kyphosis–scoliosis (LKS) curvature complex with a possible neuromuscular origin.

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Unilateral perivertebral fibrosis associated with lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis (LKS) in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Spinal curvatures and onset of vertebral deformities in farmed Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) in New Zealand

Spinal curvatures and onset of vertebral deformities in farmed Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) in New Zealand

Prevalence of spinal abnormalities in Chinook salmon smolt and influence of early rearing temperature and growth rates

Radiographic characterisation of spinal curvature development in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout seawater production

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