A quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), a degradation product of the herbicide dichlobenil

Micro-flow-injection analysis (μFIA) immunoassay of herbicide residue 2,6-dichlorobenzamide – towards automated at-line monitoring using modular microfluidics

“…However, the observed overall reduction in the relative signal strength (<10% based on the slope of the linear fit) after a number of regenerations indicate that the immunosorbent was robust. This corroborates our previous findings demonstrating that surfaces with immobilized hapt D are better in terms of regeneration efficiency 26 than those having the hapten used in the original BAM immunoassay described by Bruun et al 22 Along with the optimised immunochemistry, the microfluidic environment in the BAM immunosensor helped, to a great extent, satisfy the above mentioned requirement of at-line monitoring. The increased surface to volume ratio in the microchannel of IRC enhanced the interaction of the immunosorbent surface with the reagents in the fluid flow by decreasing the diffusion distance.…”

“…The approximate linear working range was determined from the standard curve and compared with that obtained using ELISA. 22 150 µL of the HYB 273 antibody working solution ( prepared as described above) was mixed with 50 µL of the different BAM standard solutions. Mixing of each solution was done in one of the reservoirs 15 min before introducing it into the IRC for immunoreaction.…”

“…21 Bruun et al have presented a heterogeneous labelled competitive immunoassay for BAM analysis in water. 22 It is highly specific and sensitive as well as much simpler and cost-effective in terms of the necessary sample pre-treatment and instrumentation than the conventional chromatography based techniques. 23 In the competitive format, the free BAM in a water sample inhibits the binding of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled anti-BAM monoclonal antibody (HYB 273) onto the immunosorbent, which is the immobilized BAM hapten.…”

Detection of analyte binding to microarrays using gold nanoparticle labels and a desktop scanner

“…Gold sols (10 nm and 20 nm in diameter), and Tris-HCl were from Sigma (Denmark). BAM hapten-ovalbumin-anthraquinone (BAM-OA-AQ) conjugates were from GEUS (Denmark) and prepared as described by Bruun et al 10 Anti-BAM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated by Statens Serum Institut (Denmark) as described by Bruun et al [10][11][12] …”

“…The detection system was used to detect 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), using a competitive immunoassay. 10 BAM is a breakdown product of dichlobenil which has been a widely used pesticide but has been banned in many countries since unacceptable levels of BAM have been found in drinking water in Europe and the USA.…”