A pyroelectric energy converter which employs regeneration

Olsen, Randall; Briscoe, Joseph M.; Bruno, David A.; Butler, William F.

doi:10.1080/00150198108209595

Cited by 104 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…Olsen and co-workers 19,20 published a series of studies in which they employed an electrical Ericsson cycle (Figure 3e). Starting at point 1a, with field E1 across C, connected to heat sink at T1, E is increased to E2 moving from point 1a to point 2 via 1b.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next-generation electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials for solid-state electrothermal energy interconversion

Mantese²,

et al. 2014

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Thin-film electrocaloric and pyroelectric electrothermal interconversion energy sources have recently emerged as viable means for primary and auxiliary solid-state cooling and power generation. Two significant advances have facilitated this development: (1) the formation of high-quality polymeric and ceramic thin films with figures of merit that project system-level performance as a large percentage of Carnot efficiency and (2) the ability of these newer materials to support larger electric fields, thereby permitting operation at higher voltages.This makes the power electronic architectures more favorable for thermal to electric interconversion. Current research targets to adequately address commercial device needs include reduction of parasitic losses, increases in mechanical robustness, and the ability to form nearly free-standing elements with thicknesses in the range of 1-10 m. This article describes the current state-ofthe-art materials, thermodynamic cycles, and device losses and points toward potential lines of research that would lead to substantially better figures of merit for electrothermal interconversion.Keywords: Material type-polymer (143), Material type-ceramic (121), Functionality-energy generation (189), , Material form-film (231), Transport-ferroelectricity (288) Fundamentals of ferroelectrics materials: Pyroelectrics and ElectrocaloricsIt has long been known that, when heated, materials such as the borosilicate tourmaline have the ability to attract objects such as pieces of feather, pollen, and cloth. This is due to the appearance of a surface charge in response to a temperature change. The history of this phenomenon, which is known as the pyroelectric effect (PE), was charted by Lang, 1 from its first description by Dielectrics whose structures possess both a unique axis of symmetry and lack a center of symmetry (i.e., that are "polar") display a spontaneous polarization (PS) and will exhibit a PE due to temperature-induced changes in PS. MRS BulletinThese variations in PS result in uncompensated charge appearing along surfaces that have a component normal to the polar axis, generating a net voltage across the dielectric. If the surfaces are provided with electrodes that are connected through an external circuit, this surface charge can cause a current to flow, potentially resulting in useful work. In the absence of an applied electric field or applied stress, the pyroelectric coefficient p(T) is defined as the rate of change of spontaneous polarization with temperature such that p(T) = dPS/dT. If electrodes are applied to the major faces perpendicular to the polar axis, as illustrated in Figure 1a, and the temperature is changed at a rate dT/dt, then the short-circuitThe converse of the pyroelectric effect is called the electrocaloric effect (ECE; see Figure 1b). Here, an electric field applied to a polar dielectric causes a change in temperature in the material. Conceptually, the ECE is somewhat harder to grasp than the PE, but it is analogous to the changes in temperature and en...

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Section: Thermodynamic Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next-generation electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials for solid-state electrothermal energy interconversion

Mantese²,

et al. 2014

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“…In fact, in 2002 more than 50% of the net primary energy resource consumption in the U.S. was lost mainly in the form of waste heat [1]. Pyroelectric energy converter offers a novel direct energy conversion technology by directly transforming waste heat into electricity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. It makes use of the pyroelectric effect to create a flow of charge to or from the surface of a material as a result of successive heating or cooling cycles [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvesting Nanoscale Thermal Radiation Using Pyroelectric Materials

Fang

Frederich

Pilon

2010

Journal of Heat Transfer

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“…The Olsen cycles was proposed for application in pyroelectric energy harvesting [41]. Therefore, it will not be considered in this work.…”

Section: Alternative Refrigeration Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of the regenerator is significantly affected by the heat transfer conditions (heat transfer surface, heat transfer coefficient, boundary layers, heat conduction, fluid viscosity, etc.). Generally, the coefficient of performance of a ferroelectric Ericsson refrigeration cycle is smaller than that of a Carnot cycle for the same temperature range [40].The Olsen cycles was proposed for application in pyroelectric energy harvesting [41]. Therefore, it will not be considered in this work.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrocaloric Cooling

Suchaneck¹,

Pakhomov²,

Gerlach³

2017

Refrigeration

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The electrocaloric effect describes a reversible temperature change in dielectric materials submitted to an applied electric field. Adiabatic polarization raises their temperature, and adiabatic depolarization lowers it, analogous to temperature changes that occur when a gas is compressed or expanded. For refrigerator application, the reverse Brayton cycle is currently the most promising for practical implementation. The electrocaloric effect provides a large material efficiency. However, existing refrigerator prototypes lack from the absence of efficient heat switches for thermal linkage to the load and the heat sink. Cooling power densities of a few W/cm 2 and temperature spans in the order of 20 K (in regeneration systems) are achievable at a cycle time of 100 ms.Keywords: electrocaloric effect, thermodynamic cycles, coefficient of performance, refrigeration devices IntroductionFor almost 150 years, refrigeration applications were solved by means of vapour compression. While the most efficient fluids for this approach are based on chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, they come with the severe drawback of contributing to global warming and ozone depletion. Therefore, in 1987, the Montreal Protocol issued a ban on these chemicals providing regulations for phasing them out. Promising natural alternative substances are impractical due to their toxicity (ammonia) or-in particular-their flammability (propane) [1].Vapour compression refrigerators (VCRs) are operated as reverse Rankine cycles. They use a circulating liquid refrigerant as a medium. The refrigerant is: (i) adiabatically compressed, (ii) condensed at constant pressure undergoing a phase transition (thereby rejecting heat to the heat sink), (iii) adiabatically throttled in an expansion valve and (iv) evaporated at constant © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.pressure undergoing the reverse phase transition (thereby absorbing heat from the load). The amount of transferred heat is determined by the latent heat of the first-order phase transition. Similarly, in solid-state electrocaloric (EC) cooling, the adiabatic compression/expansion of the refrigerant is analogous to adiabatic polarization/depolarization, while the isobaric processes are replaced by isofield ones. Contrary to VCR, where the adiabatic expansion of the vapour is thermodynamically irreversible, the EC and the magnetocaloric (MC) effects are thermodynamically reversible processes that could reach the limit of the Carnot efficiency. This is another aspect making them promising for future application.Electric fields required for the EC refrigeration cycle can be supplied much easier and less expensively than the high magnetic fields required for the MC refrigeration [2]. Other advantages in compar...

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A pyroelectric energy converter which employs regeneration

Cited by 104 publications

References 7 publications

Next-generation electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials for solid-state electrothermal energy interconversion

Next-generation electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials for solid-state electrothermal energy interconversion

Harvesting Nanoscale Thermal Radiation Using Pyroelectric Materials

Electrocaloric Cooling

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