A Preliminary Analysis of the Effects of Coaching Feedback on Teacher Implementation Fidelity of First Step to Success

Understanding feedback: A learning theory perspective

“…Ten articles were based on behaviourism: Werts, Wolery, Holcombe, and Gast (1995), Lee (2002), Ferreira, Moore, andMellish (2007), Goodman, Brady, Duffy, Scott, and Pollard (2008), Rodriguez, Loman, and Horner (2009), Auld, Belfiore, and Scheeler (2010), Scheeler, Congdon, and Stansbery (2010), Duchaine, Jolivette, and Fredrick (2011), Ochieng' Ong'ondo and Borg (2011), and Scheeler, McKinnon, and Stout (2012.…”

“…From behaviourism (Rodriguez et al, 2009;Scheeler et al, 2012), social cultural theory (Orsmond & Merry, 2011), and social constructivism (Martens et al, 2010), feedback should be positive. On the other hand, Shute (2008) suggested giving neutral, unbiased, and objective feedback.…”

“…This feedback included how many Behaviour-Specific Praise Statements (BSPS) the teachers gave their students as well as some examples. Likewise, in Rodriguez et al's (2009) study, teachers received performance feedback, that described teachers' implementation of First Step to Success, a program used in Kindergarten to prepare children for school. From cognitivism, feedback can vary between form and content feedback (Ashwell, 2000) and between process and product feedback (Hyland, 2001).…”

“…Moreover, feedback should contain information about progress or the next step, as Rodriguez et al (2009) from behaviourism, Espasa and Meneses (2010) and Orsmond and Merry (2011) from social cultural theory, and Hattie and Timperley (2007), Gibbs and Simpson (2004), and Li et al (2010) suggested from social constructivism. Espasa and Meneses (2010) specified information on progress as hints on how to improve and Orsmond and Merry (2011) as suggesting further study.…”

“…As Table 3 shows, from a behaviouristic perspective (Goodman et al, 2008;Rodriguez et al, 2009;Scheeler et al, 2010Scheeler et al, , 2012Scheeler & Lee, 2002), feedback should be given immediately and/or timely (Auld et al, 2010). In addition, Van der Kleij et al (2012; from social constructivism) described that feedback can be provided immediate or delayed.…”