Innovative behavior can be described as a process in which new ideas are generated, created, developed, applied, promoted, realized, and

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The importance of social media for today's youth often elicits teachers to explore educational use of these media. However, many teachers appear to struggle with the tension between possible pedagogical use and the tempting distraction of this technology. The current literature review aims to present a synthesis of conditions and outcomes relevant for a wellconsidered, evidence-based use of social media, and teacher professional development. A conceptual model consisting of intended curriculum (school level), implemented curriculum (teacher level) and attained curriculum (student level) guided the research questions. The review included 271 articles, which were analysed with framework synthesis. Ambiguous results and poor quality of studies often hindered clear statements about conditions and outcomes regarding social media in the classroom. Nonetheless, reported factors include school culture, attitude towards social media, support, teacher professional development, learning goals and a clear position in the curriculum. Considerations and advice for educational practice were formulated.

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Research on teaching and learning quantum physics (QP) frequently explores students' conceptual difficulties to identify common patterns in their reasoning. The abstractness of QP is often found to be at the origin of students' conceptual difficulties. Due to this abstract nature students resort to common sense reasoning or classical thinking when they make meaning of QP phenomena. In this literature review, the 'abstractness' is closely investigated and nuanced to uncover what reasons for the abstractness students experience. Four reasons for students' conceptual difficulties can be categorised under the abstract nature of QP. These reasons are that students struggle a) to relate the mathematical formalism of QP to experiences in the physical world; b) to interpret counterintuitive QP phenomena and concepts; c) to transit from a deterministic to a probabilistic worldview; and d) to understand the limitations of language to express quantum phenomena, concepts, and objects. Combining these four reasons allows us to better understand the origin of conceptual difficulties in QP and why these difficulties persist over time. The implications of these findings for research and teaching practice are discussed.

Former literature reviews suggested that if (student) teachers learn together in their professional development activities, professional development is enhanced. In the present literature review, we explored a variety of peer teacher professional development activities, conceptually divided into coaching, collaborating, and assessing activities. Specifically, we examined which learning outcomes could be achieved through participating in such activities. By means of a metastudy approach, we additionally reviewed methods, data collection, and theories used in the included studies. Findings showed outcomes were achieved in terms of teacher knowledge, teacher skills, and student learning. At the same time, many studies had methodological weaknesses: many self-report and self-constructed instruments hardly based on theory were applied. Based on the findings, we urge for more rigorous studies that can move the field forward.Teacher professional development (TPD) is considered to be an important approach for the improvement of quality of education (Borko and Putnam 1995;Coe et al. 2014;Desimone 2009;Hattie 2009). Many studies have explored what characteristics make TPD effective and concluded that TPD should focus on developing subject matter knowledge as well as pedagogical content knowledge, hold active and inquiry-based activities, span over a larger time period, and that teachers should work together with their colleagues (Desimone 2009;Putnam and Borko 2000;Van Veen, Zwart, and Meirink 2012). Examples of TPD wherein teachers learn with their colleagues are peer coaching (Ackland 1991) and communities of practice (Lave and Wenger 1991;Wenger 1998). In this article, we call such activities peer teacher professional development (PTPD) activities, and we will report on a review study that focussed on the learning outcomes of (student) teachers as a result of participating in such activities.In this review study, a variety of PTPD activities are combined into a comprehensive overview. On a conceptual level and based on different functions of the activities (e.g. Little 1990) and group size, we distinguish three different types of PTPD activities: (a) coaching, wherein individuals support another individual, reciprocal or non-reciprocal, in achieving individual goals (e.g. peer coaching, peer feedback); (b) collaborating, wherein larger groups this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noderivatives license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

Research suggests that feedback is an essential element in learning. This study focuses on feedback that teachers provide in reciprocal peer groups to improve their performance in the classroom. The Teacher Feedback Observation Scheme (TFOS) was developed to identify feedback patterns, which approaches feedback as a multidimensional process. The TFOS helps acquire insights into the effectiveness of feedback, and provides information regarding the situations in which possible interventions can be undertaken if feedback is declining and becoming ineffective. This may especially be necessary when the communication of feedback is mediated by information and communications technology (ICT). The TFOS was piloted using videotaped sessions of three face-to-face groups, as well as one virtual group, using discussion wikis. All four groups of teachers used the Video Intervision Peer-coaching (VIP) procedure. The findings reveal that feedback in the virtual group was less effective than it was in the face-to-face groups. In addition, ineffective feedback patterns in the face-to-face groups transitioned into more effective feedback patterns. The TFOS appears to be adept at identifying feedback patterns in peer groups.

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