“…The ionic drug of interest is electrically entrapped in the polymer as the counterion and its controlled release is achieved upon electrical switching of the polymer film on an electrode. On the basis of this process, a variety of anions, including biotin [223], neurotransmitter glutamate [224,225], and ATP [226,227], and cations, including a number of different metal ions (e.g., Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ca 2+ ) [228,229], chlorpromazine [230], dopamine [231,232], and glutamic acid [233] have been electrostatically entrapped into conducting polymer films and released by electrical potential stimulus in a controlled way.…”