A PMU Placement Scheme Considering Realistic Costs and Modern Trends in Relaying

Abstract

Abstract-The primary objective of the conventional optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem is the minimization of the number of PMU devices that, when placed in a power system, measure all bus voltages. However, due to advancements in the field of relay technology, digital relays can now act as PMUs. This has significantly reduced device costs. Moreover, although the goal is to observe all the buses, the devices themselves can only be placed in substations, whose upgrade costs are much higher than those of the devices. Considering these factors, the approach proposed here simultaneously optimizes the number of substations where traditional PMUs and dual-use line relay PMUs can be placed. The general optimal substation coverage (GOSC) algorithm presented in this paper is also able to incorporate practical requirements such as redundancy in the measurement of critical elements of the system, and estimation of the tap ratios of the transformers present. Simulation results indicate that the GOSC algorithm provides significant techno-economic benefits.

Health Monitoring of Critical Power System Equipments Using Identifying Codes

“…Prior research on health monitoring using PMUs have been mostly directed towards improving security and stability of the power system [1]. In addition, a number of studies have focused on placement of PMUs [2,3] to realize a variety of objectives. The problem under study in this paper can also be viewed as a PMU placement problem as it computes the fewest number of PMUs and their locations, so that the unique identification capability is realized.…”

A unified framework for wide area measurement system planning

“…Due to its simplicity, this technique has been widely adopted (see [12,18] for examples). However this scheme may potentially lead to over-installation of PMUs in the system [5]. As an alternative, a reliability-based PMU placement model is proposed where the possibility of maintaining full observability is investigated [8].…”

“…Due to its characteristics of being installed along transmission lines and at transformers, DULR is also called "branch PMU" in some previous research [7,8]. Although DULR can only monitor the voltage phasor of its adjacent bus and the current phasor of the branch, it is still promising due to its low construction cost [5].…”

“…However, this hypothesis relies on a model of transformer tap positions as fixed network parameters. The estimated bus voltages, power flows and injections with a transformer with incorrectly modeled or inaccurately measured tap ratio can deviate significantly from their actual values, resulting in inaccurate system state estimation [5,10]. Last but not least, a majority of previous work assumes that PMUs are equipped with unlimited measurement channels to observe the current phasors of all connecting branches.…”

System resilience enhancement: Smart grid and beyond

“…For example, Wen et al (2013) proposed an optimization model that can fit the multistage installation scenario to decide the optimal placement of PMUs. Manousakis and Korres (2016) proposed a semidefinite programming-based model considering pre-existing conventional and synchronized phasor measurements and the limited channel capacity of PMUs, and Pal et al (2017) presented an integer linear programming method considering realistic costs and trends in relaying technologies.…”