A pilot study to see any Change of the Nasal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota with Prolonged Use of Medical Masks during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Roy, Sayak; Majumder, Priyanka; K, Bhattacharya

doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.20175067

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The ages of the infected patients ranged from 10 to 80 years, in which the highest number of isolated bacterial and fungal species was within the age groups 50-60 years and the lowest was in the groups 70 years and over. The results showed that the infection rate of Gram-positive bacteria was low, and this is due to the natural presence of most Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus & Streptococcus, a normal flora in the upper respiratory tract, and these results were consistent with (Roy et al, 2020).…”

Section: Relationship Of Age To Bacterial Infections and Yeastssupporting

confidence: 67%

Investigate the Bacterial and Fungal Infections That Cause Respiratory Tract Infections and Study Their Resistance to Modern antibiotics

Salieh

Mahmood

Dheeb

2022

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiolo

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The respiratory system is the link between the outer wall and the body, as it contains a lot of types of bacteria that are part of normal flora (Albrich et al., 2012) and some of them have a role in respiratory injury because they are opportunistic nature in the case of weak body immunity system, Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of death in low-income countries and rank fifth among the world's leading causes of death, with a global statistic indicating that about three million adults and three million children die each year from this type of infection (Jansen, 2014). Bacteria play a greater role in respiratory infections than viruses and fungi. Most previous studies have agreed that some types of Streptococcus are the most common causes of respiratory infections, particularly S. pneumoniae bacteria, as they are the primary cause of pneumonia.

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Section: Relationship Of Age To Bacterial Infections and Yeastssupporting

confidence: 67%

Investigate the Bacterial and Fungal Infections That Cause Respiratory Tract Infections and Study Their Resistance to Modern antibiotics

Salieh

Mahmood

Dheeb

2022

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiolo

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“…Oral taxon 066 and Oral taxon 058 tended to have lower abundances in T2 (low mask use) compared to T1 and T3 (prolonged mask use), the clinical relevance of these changes is questionable. A study by Roy et al. (2020) , investigating the effect of prolonged medical mask use on nasal and oropharyngeal microbiota through culture-based methods similarly found no changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study

Baraniya

Dao

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of N95 respirators and surgical masks, with anecdotal reports among healthcare providers and the public of xerostomia, halitosis, and gingivitis, a consortium of symptoms colloquially termed “mask mouth”. However, this has not been scientifically verified. The aim of this study was to assess changes in salivary flow rate, gingival health status and oral microbiome associated with prolonged mask use. A total of 25 dental students (mean age = 26.36 ± 1.58) were included in the study and evaluated at three time points: T1, at the end of at least 2 months of full-day mask wear (7.26 ± 1.56 hours/day); T2, at the end of a period of minimal mask use (1.13 ± 1.13 hours/day); and T3, at the end of 2-3 weeks of resuming full-day mask wear (6.93 ± 1.80 hours/day). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, xerostomia (on a quantitative scale of 10), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed at each time point. The salivary microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, UWS flow rates were normal (mean of 0.679 ml/min) and xerostomia, PI and GI scores were low (Mean of 3.11, 0.33 and 0.69, respectively) with no significant differences as a result of prolonged mask wearing. Similarly, there were no significant microbial changes at a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. However, some trends were identified using a nominal p-value cut-off of ≤ 0.01, namely Gemella sanguinis, Streptococcus sp. Oral taxon 066 and Oral taxon 058 were associated with prolonged mask wear. Trends were also seen by gender, race and age, for example an increase in P. gingivalis and P. intermedia with age. In conclusion, we found no evidence that prolonged mask wear adversely affects oral health. The findings support that the oral microbiome of healthy individuals is resilient.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lifestyle Changes May Have Influenced Small Bowel Microbial Composition and Microbial Resistance

Hosseini¹,

Rashid²,

Leite³

et al. 2023

Dig Dis Sci

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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic necessitated many severe lifestyle changes, including lockdowns, social distancing, altered food consumption and exercise patterns, and extensive hygiene practices. These extensive changes may have affected the human gut microbiome, which is highly influenced by lifestyle. Aims To examine the potential effects of pandemic-related lifestyle changes on the metabolically relevant small bowel microbiome. Methods Adult subjects presenting for upper endoscopy without colonoscopy were identified and divided into two matched groups: pre-pandemic (February 2019–March 2020) and intra-pandemic (April 2021–September 2021, all COVID-19 negative). Duodenal aspirates and blood samples were collected. Duodenal microbiomes were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed by Luminex FlexMap3D. Results Fifty-six pre-pandemic and 38 COVID-negative intra-pandemic subjects were included. There were no significant changes in duodenal microbial alpha diversity in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group, but beta diversity was significantly different. The relative abundance (RA) of phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and family Thermaceae, which are resistant extremophiles, was significantly higher in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group. The RA of several Gram-negative taxa including Bacteroidaceae (phylum Bacteroidetes) and the Proteobacteria families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae, and the RA of potential disruptor genera Escherichia-Shigella and Rothia , were significantly lower in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group. Circulating levels of interleukin-18 were also lower in the intra-pandemic group. Conclusions These findings suggest the small bowel microbiome underwent significant changes during the pandemic, in COVID-19-negative individuals. Given the key roles of the small bowel microbiota in host physiology, this may have implications for human health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10620-023-08061-6.

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A pilot study to see any Change of the Nasal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota with Prolonged Use of Medical Masks during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Investigate the Bacterial and Fungal Infections That Cause Respiratory Tract Infections and Study Their Resistance to Modern antibiotics

Investigate the Bacterial and Fungal Infections That Cause Respiratory Tract Infections and Study Their Resistance to Modern antibiotics

Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lifestyle Changes May Have Influenced Small Bowel Microbial Composition and Microbial Resistance

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