A penta-band hybrid fractal MIMO antenna for ISM applications

Abstract

A miniature two‐element MIMO multiband planar patch antenna with potential applications in the ISM bands is presented. The elements of the antenna have been designed using a novel hybrid fractal geometry based on an altered Dragon Curve and the Inverted Koch. Reduced antenna dimensions are obtained with acceptable performance even at lower frequency ranges. The antenna elements are placed adjacent to each other with a very small spacing of 0.004 λ0 (λ being the free space wavelength of 433 MHz), confining the antenna dimensions to 51 × 50 mm2. The antenna resonates at the 433 MHz (ISM), 2.4 GHz (ISM), 3.9 GHZ (Fixed Satellite), 4.7 GHz (UWB) and 5.8 GHz (ISM) frequency bands. The antenna exhibits |S11| ≤ −10 dB, |S21| ≤ −16 dB, an ECC ≤ 0.01 for all operating frequencies, with circular polarisation at the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands and linear polarisation at the others. The simulated structure was fabricated and tested, with the simulated and measured results displaying acceptable agreement.

Comparative analysis of hybrid fractal antennas: A review

“…This manuscript has explained about the MIMO multiband planar HFA formed by fusion of Dragon Curve with Inverted Koch geometry. 92 The generation of HFA with geometry and its prototype structure has been displayed in Figure 35, the geometry for the multiple ports along with fabricated structure has been propounded in Figure 36. The reflection coefficient versus frequency plot, three-dimensional (3D) radiation pattern, S 21 for complementary reflecting stub widths and spacing between radiating elements has been described in Figures 37 and 38, from here, it has been contemplated that designed antenna is best suitable for ISM bands.…”

Untitled

“…The Outage Probability( ) of the signal in EGCis the integral of PDF with threshold value as the maximum limit [15], [16]. This is presented in equation 4…”

“…The outage probabilityofMRC, ( ) is given as the integral of pdfas presented in equation (9) as: [15], [16].…”

“…This is the probability that output SNR ( ) will fall below a specified threshold value ( 0 ) given as: [16].…”

Characteristics Mode Analysis: A Review of Its Concepts, Recent Trends, State-of-the-Art Developments and Its Interpretation With a Fractal Uwb Mimo Antenna

“…Another challenge is to fit appropriate antenna and generate multiple resonating spectrums [33][34][35]. Thus, the phenomenon of self-similar antenna structures commonly known as Fractals, is introduced and considered as the optimum solution, as it provides multi-resonances with wide bandwidth [36][37][38][39]. The self-similar structures are complex on design perspective, as the conducting surface has intricate geometry.…”