A Path to Nanolithography

Cerrina, F.; Marrian, C. R. K.

doi:10.1557/s0883769400032127

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In comparison with quantum dots and wells, the advancement of 1D nanostructures has been slow until very recently, as hindered by the difficulties associated with the synthesis and fabrication of these nanostructures with well-controlled dimensions, morphology, phase purity, and chemical composition. Although 1D nanostructures can now be fabricated (in the setting of a research laboratory) using a number of advanced nanolithographic techniques, [22] such as electron-beam (e-beam) or focused-ion-beam (FIB) writing, [23] proximalprobe patterning, [24] and X-ray or extreme-UV lithography, [25] further development of these techniques into practical routes to large quantities of 1D nanostructures from a diversified range of materials, rapidly, and at reasonably low costs, still requires great ingenuity. In contrast, unconventional methods based on chemical synthesis might provide an alternative and intriguing strategy for generating 1D nanostructures in terms of material diversity, cost, throughput, and the potential for high-volume production.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Xia¹,

Yang²,

et al. 2003

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This article provides a comprehensive review of current research activities that concentrate on one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures—wires, rods, belts, and tubes—whose lateral dimensions fall anywhere in the range of 1 to 100 nm. We devote the most attention to 1D nanostructures that have been synthesized in relatively copious quantities using chemical methods. We begin this article with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been exploited to achieve 1D growth. We then elaborate on these approaches in the following four sections: i) anisotropic growth dictated by the crystallographic structure of a solid material; ii) anisotropic growth confined and directed by various templates; iii) anisotropic growth kinetically controlled by supersaturation or through the use of an appropriate capping reagent; and iv) new concepts not yet fully demonstrated, but with long‐term potential in generating 1D nanostructures. Following is a discussion of techniques for generating various types of important heterostructured nanowires. By the end of this article, we highlight a range of unique properties (e.g., thermal, mechanical, electronic, optoelectronic, optical, nonlinear optical, and field emission) associated with different types of 1D nanostructures. We also briefly discuss a number of methods potentially useful for assembling 1D nanostructures into functional devices based on crossbar junctions, and complex architectures such as 2D and 3D periodic lattices. We conclude this review with personal perspectives on the directions towards which future research on this new class of nanostructured materials might be directed.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Xia¹,

Yang²,

et al. 2003

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“…However, the so-called 100 nm barrier cannot be easily surmounted. Advanced lithographic techniques, such as extreme UV (EUV) lithography, soft X-ray lithography, e-beam writing, focused ion beam (FIB) writing, and proximal-probe lithography (74,75), have the capability of generating extremely small features (as small as a few nm), but their development for manufacturing of nanostructures requires substantial effort and they, as the conventional photolithography, are poorly suited for patterning non-planar surfaces.…”

Section: Methods For Planar Hydrogel Micropatterningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel Films on Optical Fiber Core: Properties, Challenges, and Prospects for Future Applications

Казаков¹

2012

New Polymers for Special Applications

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There are experimental evidences [29][30][31] of de-swelling effects of different monovalent (Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + ) and divalent (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2 ) ions in hydrogels of different chemical nature, including the biologically relevant gels [32] and cross-linked DNA [33]. Interestingly, at the same molar ratios of divalent to monovalent cations, ~ 1 mM to 30 mM, respectively, similar volume changes were observed in biological polyelectrolyte systems during physiological processes like nerve excitation, musle contraction, and cell locomotion [34][35][36][37][38][39][40].Surfactants. The extensive theoretical [41][42][43] and experimental [44][45][46][47][48] studies have shown that addition of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants to the solution containing a gel can also influence the volume phase transition temperature and swelling degree of hydrogels depending on their hydrophobicity and charge of the polymer network. In general, addition of anionic or cationic surfactant to the solution of nonionic hydrogel rises the transition temperature as well as the swelling range, whereas the nonionic surfactant does not affect the transition temperature or the volume change. The surfactants with ionic head groups convert the neutral hydrogels to a polyelectrolyte gels when bind to the nonionic polymer networks, so that the transition temperatures elevate due to introduction of additional osmotic pressure by ionization. The changes in the volume phase transition are also dependent on the length of hydrophobic tail of ionic surfactants and the critical concentration of micelle formation. Indeed, it was found [45] that the transition temperature of nonionic poly(acryloyl-L-proline methyl ester) hydrogels increases more drastically in solutions of anionic sodium alkane sulfonate surfactants with the higher number of methylene units in the tail and at lower concentration than those with the shorter tails. The other interesting findings are [47]: (i) the amount of an ionic surfactant bound onto the swollen network of the nonionic PNIPA hydrogel is much greater than that to the collapsed

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“…By nanolithography, nanostructures and their arrays are possible to fabricate by a directed or constrained growth from one to few nm with the advantage of producing large quantities of 1D nanostructures using a wide variety of the available materials [296][297][298][299][300].…”

Section: Production Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Intelligent Nanomaterials by Design (Using Nanoparticulate/2D-Materials Building Blocks) Current Developments and Future Trends

Kumar¹,

Ahmad²

2017

Nanoscaled Films and Layers

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Feasibility of designing and synthesizing 'smart' and 'intelligent' materials using nanostructured building blocks has been examined here based on the current status of the progress made in this context. The added advantages of using 2D layered/nonlayered materials along with phytosomal species derived from natural plants are highlighted with special reference to their better programmability along with minimum toxicity in biomedical applications. The current developments taking place in their upscaled productions are also included while assessing their upcoming industrial usages in diverse fields.

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A Path to Nanolithography

Cited by 55 publications

References 6 publications

One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Hydrogel Films on Optical Fiber Core: Properties, Challenges, and Prospects for Future Applications

Green Intelligent Nanomaterials by Design (Using Nanoparticulate/2D-Materials Building Blocks) Current Developments and Future Trends

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