A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting

Brun, E.; David, Pierre-Marie; Sudul, Marcel; Brunot, Gilles

doi:10.1017/s0022143000009552

Cited by 546 publications

(459 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our experiments lead to the conclusion that rounded, ''equilibrium'', grains observed in nature are in fact often due to alternating temperature gradients. However, snowpack models [Brun et al, 1992;Bartelt and Lehning, 2002] distinguish only between ETM and TGM, and different calibrated rate equations for the evolution of the geometrical parameters are applied in both regimes, but no rate equations exist for alternating temperature gradients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow

Pinzer¹,

Schneebeli²

2009

Geophysical Research Letters

100

112

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[1] The composition of the lower atmospheric boundary layer can be strongly influenced by snow photochemistry. Surface snow, where air-snow interactions take place, is viewed as slowly changing quasi-isothermal snow, implied by the observation of mainly rounded snow crystals. The role of snow for photochemistry is therefore expected to be purely geometric. However, large temperature gradients are often observed in these layers, which would imply high recrystallization and faceting. In controlled laboratory experiments we showed that temperature gradients on the order of 100 K m À1 do not lead necessarily to faceting if their sign changes with a daily cycle. The shape of snow crystals does not reflect necessarily the metamorphic process. With time-lapse X-ray tomography, recrystallization rates as high as 60% of the total ice mass were observed during 12 hours. The high recrystallization rates in apparently isothermal snow not only contradict the current understanding of snow metamorphism, they also might influence chemical air-snow interactions. Citation: Pinzer, B. R., and M. Schneebeli (2009), Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23503,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow

Pinzer¹,

Schneebeli²

2009

Geophysical Research Letters

100

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Whereas the PDDM calculates the mass balance as a direct response to temperature change, the EBSM mass balance depends strongly on the surface albedo value, and the expansion of the runoff limit inland can be explained for the most part by surface albedo feedbacks. These depend on the snowpack and surface properties [Brun et al, 1992;Oerlemans and Knap, 1998;Warren, 1982;Zuo and Oerlemans, 1996], as well as on the ice sheet geometry (which affects the speed of meltwater transport) [Bougamont et al, 2005;Knap and Oerlemans, 1996;Zuo and Oerlemans, 1996]. The surface albedo value drops as melt increases, removing snow from the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of model physics on estimating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet

Bougamont

Bamber

Ridley

et al. 2007

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Long-term predictions of sea level rise from increased Greenland ice sheet melting have been derived using Positive Degree Day models only. It is, however, unknown precisely what uncertainties are associated with applying this simple surface melt parameterization for future climate. We compare the behavior of a Positive Degree Day and Energy Balance/Snowpack model for estimating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet under a warming climate. Both models were first tuned to give similar values for present-day mass balance using 10 years of ERA-40 climatology and were then run for 300 years, forced with the output of a GCM in which atmospheric CO 2 increased to 4 times preindustrial levels. Results indicate that the Positive Degree Day model is more sensitive to climate warming than the Energy Balance model, generating annual runoff rates almost twice as large for a fixed ice sheet geometry. Roughly half of this difference was due to differences in the volume of melt generated and half was due to differences in refreezing rates in the snowpack. Our results indicate that the modeled snowpack properties evolve on a multidecadal timescale to changing climate, with a potentially large impact on the mass balance of the ice sheet; an evolution that was absent from the Positive Degree Day model. Citation: Bougamont, M.,

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“…MAR's atmospheric model is coupled to the 1-D Surface Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer scheme, SISVAT (Gallée and Schayes, 1994;De Ridder and Gallée, 1998), which simulates surface properties and the exchange of mass and energy. SISVAT incorporates a snow model based on the CROCUS snowpack model (Brun et al, 1992). MAR has been validated through comparison with ground measurements (e.g., Lefebre et al, 2003Lefebre et al, , 2005Gallée et al, 2005) and satellite data (e.g., Fettweis et al, 2005Fettweis et al, , 2011Tedesco et al, 2011;Alexander et al, 2014) and applied to simulate long-term changes in the GrIS SMB and surface melt extent Tedesco et al, 2008Tedesco and Fettweis, 2012).…”

Section: Sea Ice and Ice Sheet Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the local-scale influence of sea ice on Greenland surface melt

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Rapid decline in Arctic sea ice cover in the 21st century may have wide-reaching effects on the Arctic climate system, including the Greenland ice sheet mass balance. Here, we investigate whether local changes in sea ice around the Greenland ice sheet have had an impact on Greenland surface melt. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between sea ice concentration, the timing of melt onset and open-water fraction surrounding Greenland with ice sheet surface melt using a combination of remote sensing observations, and outputs from a reanalysis model and a regional climate model for the period of 1979-2015. Statistical analysis points to covariability between Greenland ice sheet surface melt and sea ice within Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. While some of this covariance can be explained by simultaneous influence of atmospheric circulation anomalies on both the sea ice cover and Greenland melt, within Baffin Bay we find a modest correlation between detrended melt onset over sea ice and the adjacent ice sheet melt onset. This correlation appears to be related to increased transfer of sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere in early sea ice melt years, increasing temperatures and humidity over the ice sheet that in turn initiate ice sheet melt.

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A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting

Cited by 546 publications

References 9 publications

Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow

Snow metamorphism under alternating temperature gradients: Morphology and recrystallization in surface snow

Impact of model physics on estimating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet

Investigating the local-scale influence of sea ice on Greenland surface melt

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