A novel polysulfone-based affinity membrane with high hemocompatibility: preparation and endotoxin elimination performance

Integrated Endotoxin Adsorption and Antibacterial Properties of Cationic Polyurethane Foams for Wound Healing

“…The antibacterial mechanisms of the cationic compounds (polymers) are usually based on the electrostatic interactions between the cationic moieties and negative charge of the bacterial cell membranes. , On the other hand, the mechanism for endotoxin removal also involves the electrostatic force between positive cations of these polymers and negative-charged LPS, indicating that it is possible to develop antimicrobial materials with intrinsically endotoxin adsorption activity. − …”

“…To our knowledge, the medical endotoxin adsorbents are mainly aimed at LPS that has already been in the bloodstream. − A variety of polymeric materials, such as membranes and fibers, have been developed to remove endotoxin by means of hemofiltration or dialysis. , The design of these materials is mainly based on the principle of affinity chromatography, so that a plenty of ligands specifically binding to LPS are screened out for the removal of endotoxin, including polymyxin B, ,− histamine, histidine, deoxycholic acid, amines, amino acids, − polymerized cations, − and so on. Compared with polymyxin B and other small ligands, cationic polymers have the advantages of strong specific adsorption to LPS molecules, such as weak nonspecific adsorption with proteins and good biocompatibility. − The main mechanism for endotoxin removal involves the electrostatic force between positive cations of these polymers and negative-charged LPS, which is also fit for the explanation of the antimicrobial property, indicating that it is possible to develop some kind of antimicrobial materials with intrinsically endotoxin adsorption activity. However, the existing cationic polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, , poly­( l -lysine), and poly­( l -histidine), are limited for applications because of the instability and (or) relatively high cost …”

A critical review of hemoperfusion adsorbents: materials, functionalization and matrix structure selection

“…The results showed effective removal capacity of endotoxin from human plasma as well. 45 Through these two typical examples, coagulation is always avoided by extra injection of heparin, which was a highly sulfated linear polysaccharide anticoagulant 86 . To avoid the risk of extra injection of heparin, Wang et al 87 immobilized heparin on polystyrene microspheres with L-phenylalanine as a ligand (Ps-Hep-Phe) through an EDC/NHS coupling method to simultaneously remove endotoxin and anticoagulation.…”

Hemocompatibility and oxygenation performance of polysulfone membranes grafted with polyethylene glycol and heparin by plasma-induced surface modification

“…This advantage is meaningful for preventing possible intracranial hemorrhage risks caused by large anticoagulant injection dosage. However, although a wide variety of surface modification techniques have been evaluated to reduce the thrombogenicity of blood‐contacting biomaterials, only a few reports have focused on PSF membranes utilized in artificial lung applications.…”