A Novel Method for Monitoring the Transesterification Reaction of Oil in Biodiesel Production by Estimation of Glycerol

Reddy, Sabbasani Rajasekhara; Devamani, Titu; Chadha, Anju

doi:10.1007/s11746-010-1549-2

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Analytical chromatography hyphenated with different detections has also been developed for glycerol determination in drug injections. Physical restrictions of glycerol—such as lack of chromophores, high boiling point, and non-volatility—make it difficult to detect by using conventional gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) techniques, unless assisted with the process of pre-column derivatization [ 8 , 9 ]. Since every single analyte requires its individual elaborative and time-consuming sample derivatization, efficient alternative screening approaches would be preferable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validated 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Glycerol in Drug Injections

Jiang

Wang

et al. 2018

Molecules

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In the current study, we employed high-resolution proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) for quantitative analysis of glycerol in drug injections without any complex pre-treatment or derivatization on samples. The established methods were validated with good specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and repeatability. Our results revealed that the contents of glycerol were convenient to calculate directly via the integration ratios of peak areas with an internal standard in 1H NMR spectra, while the integration of peak heights were proper for 13C NMR in combination with an external calibration of glycerol. The developed methods were both successfully applied in drug injections. Quantitative NMR methods showed an extensive prospect for glycerol determination in various liquid samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validated 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Glycerol in Drug Injections

Jiang

Wang

et al. 2018

Molecules

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“…The measurements provide valuable information about the operating conditions and simultaneously give an estimate for critical variables by monitoring the state of a process and verifying that performance is optimal. There are methods to monitor the progress of the reaction, such as gas and liquid chromatography [9][10][11][12], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods [10,[12][13][14][15][16][17], measurement of refractive index [18], and viscosity [19]. Most of these methods require samples to be taken and offline analyses to be performed which include a pre-treatment of the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Sensors for Biodiesel Production in a Batch Reactor

et al. 2017

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Fossil fuel combustion produces around 98% of coal emissions. Therefore, liquid and gaseous biofuels have become more attractive due to their environmental benefits. The biodiesel production process requires measurements that help to control and supervise the variables involved in the process. The measurements provide valuable information about the operation conditions and give estimations about the critical variables of the process. The information from measurements is essential for monitoring the state of a process and verifying if it has an optimal performance. The objective of this study was the conception of a virtual sensor based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the model of a batch biodiesel reactor for estimating concentrations of triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG), monoglycerides (MG), methyl ester (E), alcohol (A), and glycerol (GL) in real-time through measurement of the temperature and pH. Estimation of the TG, DG, MG, E, A, and Gl through this method eliminates the need for additional sensors and allows the use of different types of control. For the performance analysis of the virtual sensor, the data obtained from the EKF are compared with experimental data reported in the literature, with the mean square error of the estimate then being calculated. In addition, the results of this approach can be implemented in a real system, since it only uses measurements available in a reactor such as temperature and pH.

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“…Ultrasound is a mechanical wave that propagates in fluids or solid materials at frequencies greater than 20 kHz, i.e., out of the audible range for healthy humans [19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Ultrasound As a Tool For Liquid Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, less costly methods have emerged as an alternative for determining the conversion, as is the case with 1 H NMR. Despite it is not a cheap technique, it is much less time-consuming than the GC analysis [13,14,21,22,[30][31][32].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound as a Metrological Tool for Monitoring Transesterification Kinetics

Baêsso¹,

Oliveira²,

Moraes³

et al. 2018

Advanced Chemical Kinetics

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Ultrasound has been widely used as a technological alternative way to analyse noninvasively an assortment of materials. It includes liquids with dissimilar physical characteristics, including mono-and multi-phasic mixtures, suspension formation and dissolution, in-line processing, among other practical applications. Regardless the huge spread of uses, so far ultrasound has not been proved to be able to quantify transesterification kinetics with a metrological approach. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that a properly designed ultrasonic experiment can be developed to identify remarkable stages of a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. The method was compared both with gas chromatography and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR). For an in-line application, ultrasound has been proved to work properly as a monitoring tool for chemical reaction kinetics.

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A Novel Method for Monitoring the Transesterification Reaction of Oil in Biodiesel Production by Estimation of Glycerol

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Validated 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Glycerol in Drug Injections

Validated 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Glycerol in Drug Injections

Virtual Sensors for Biodiesel Production in a Batch Reactor

Ultrasound as a Metrological Tool for Monitoring Transesterification Kinetics

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