A novel flexible biocomposite with hemp woven fabric and natural rubber based on lignin green filler: investigation numerical and experimental under high-velocity impact

Abstract

In this study, the comparison of the behavior of hemp/elastomeric biocomposites based on lignin and carbon black has been investigated experimentally and numerically under the influence of high speed. SEM images confirmed the dispersion and good interaction of lignin in natural rubber with a uniform surface coverage of fibers and the gap of yarns. The results of tensile and dynamic compression tests showed that elastomer with lignin filler improves tensile strength for rubber samples and composites compared to carbon black. The high-velocity impact tests were performed on single-layer and three-layer composites based on lignin and carbon. The penetration resistance and failure mechanism of the composites during impact were validated using a constitutive material model for hemp fabric and a user-defined material model (VUMAT) for the nonlinear behavior of rubber materials with a damage criterion in ABAQUS/Explicit. For one-layer and three-layer flexible composites based on lignin, the ballistic limit is 49 and 96 m/s, respectively. Compared to carbon-based composites, it has increased by 11.36 and 13% for one-layer and three-layers, respectively. Using a thin matrix to cover hemp fabric increases the resistance of this type of fabric against high-speed impact. Through tensile failure, the stress is transferred to the surrounding fiber bundles so that more threads can participate in the load-bearing process. As a result, the penetration depth in lignin-based composites is lower, and the protective margin is greater, which increases energy absorption.

Investigating mechanical properties and energy absorption of elastomeric polymer nanocomposites containing cellulose nanofibers in tensile, quasi-static compression, and high strain rate tests

“…Natural rubber with the aim of the concept of sustainability and protection from the environment and resistance to shock loads and penetration with partial carbon replacement through the use of lignin fillers and CNFs shows promising results in high-speed shock loading and quasi-static permeability. Therefore, the use of these elastomeric compounds is suitable for impact applications [40][41][42]. In a similar study, the possibility of replacing carbon black with cellulose nanofibers up to 15 phr was reported, which showed a significant improvement in the tensile strength and strain energy density of rubber compounds [39].…”

High‐velocity impact behavior and quasi‐static indentation of new elastomeric nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers and lignin powder

“…52,53 Elastomer based on natural rubber containing lignin filler improves final strength and elongation to failure of rubber layers through flexibility control. 30,54 Figure 3 shows the hardness of nanocomposites containing different amounts of CNFs from the average of different tests from other parts of the surface of the sample from the hardness test results (Shore A). This figure shows the highest and lowest hardness for samples containing 12 and 0 phr of CNFs, respectively.…”