A Novel Enzyme-Based SPR Strategy for Detection of the Antimicrobial Agent Chlorophene

Abstract

Chlorophene is an important antimicrobial agent present in disinfectant products which has been related to health and environmental effects, and its detection has been limited to chromatographic techniques. Thus, there is a lack of research that attempts to develop new analytical tools, such as biosensors, that address the detection of this emerging pollutant. Therefore, a new biosensor for the direct detection of chlorophene in real water is presented, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and using a laccase enzyme as a recognition element. The biosensor chip was obtained by covalent immobilization of the laccase on a gold-coated surface through carbodiimide esters. The analytical parameters accomplished resulted in a limit of detection and quantification of 0.33 mg/L and 1.10 mg/L, respectively, fulfilling the concentrations that have already been detected in environmental samples. During the natural river’s measurements, no significant matrix effects were observed, obtaining a recovery percentage of 109.21% ± 7.08, which suggested that the method was suitable for the fast and straightforward analysis of this contaminant. Finally, the SPR measurements were validated with an HPLC method, which demonstrated no significant difference in terms of precision and accuracy, leading to the conclusion that the biosensor reflects its potential as an alternative analytical tool for the monitoring of chlorophene in aquatic environments.

Electrochemical Approach to Detection of Chlorophene in Water Catalyzed by a Laccase Modified Gold Electrode

“…The samples from natural water were collected from a river located in León city, Guanajuato-México (21 • 09 54.0 N 101 • 43 30.6 W) according to the method presented by Quintanilla-Villanueva [17]. The water samples were spiked with chlorophene, following the recommendations of the surrogate addition method established by the IUPAC-AOAC [23].…”

“…The calibration curve followed the equation I (mV) = 8.9c + 3.4 [mg L −1 ] with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 (Figure 7c). However, the HPLC measurement carried out on real samples spiked These matrix effects can be attributed to the organic matter in the river sample, which reached a concentration of 23.66 mg L −1 [17]. It has been reported that organic matter can These matrix effects can be attributed to the organic matter in the river sample, which reached a concentration of 23.66 mg L −1 [17].…”

“…In this respect, most of the studies that have been carried out to detect chlorophene based on electrochemical techniques used electrodes decorated with composites comprising β-cyclodextrins [18] and coordination polymers with cerium ions [19]. Another study explored the determination of chlorophene using biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, employing laccase enzymes as an element of recognition [17]. The analytical performance of the different strategies reported for the detection of chlorophenolic compounds is summarized in Table 2, showing outstanding behavior based on the linear sweep and square-wave voltammetry.…”

“…However, the HPLC measurement carried out on real samples spiked These matrix effects can be attributed to the organic matter in the river sample, which reached a concentration of 23.66 mg L −1 [17]. It has been reported that organic matter can These matrix effects can be attributed to the organic matter in the river sample, which reached a concentration of 23.66 mg L −1 [17]. It has been reported that organic matter can interfere in electrochemical systems from concentrations as low as 10-15 mg L −1 due to competitive reactions with the electroactive analyte (chlorophene) or scavenging of the reactive species [29].…”

“…The current lack of studies that address the detection of chlorophenolic compounds using novel analytical tools has, in effect, limited routine monitoring of these contaminants to chromatographic techniques. Furthermore, the determination of chlorophene has only been studied using the surface plasmon resonance technique, employing laccase enzymes as a recognition element [17]. Moreover, few studies have addressed the detection of dichlorophen, a chlorophenolic-type molecule, where electrodes decorated with composites such as β-cyclodextrins [18] and coordination polymers with cerium ions [19] have been used as a recognition element.…”