A Novel Eco-Friendly Wood Adhesive Composed by Sucrose and Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Abstract

Development of a bio-based wood adhesive is a significant goal for several wood-based material industries. In this study, a novel adhesive based upon sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was formulated in hopes of furthering this industrial goal through realization of a sustainable adhesive with mechanical properties and water resistance comparable to the synthetic resins used today. Finished particleboards exhibited excellent mechanical properties and water resistance at the revealed optimal adhesive conditions. In fact, the board properties fulfilled in principle the requirements of JIS A 5908 18 type standard, however this occured at production conditions for the actual state of development as reported here, which are still different to usual industrial conditions. Thermal analysis revealed addition of ADP resulted in decreases to the thermal thresholds associated with degradation and curing of sucrose. Spectral results of FT-IR elucidated that furanic ring chemistry was involved during adhesive curing. A possible polycondensation reaction pathway was proposed from this data in an attempt to explain why the adhesive exhibited such favorable bonding properties.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sucrose and Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (SADP) Adhesive for Plywood

“…This too indicates that some reactions occurring during the synthesis process allowed for a new material to be generated that had vastly different thermal behavior than the original precursors. Compared with previous research, the degradation temperature of a sucrose-ADP mixture (without synthesis process) was 128 • C [24], which was also lower than the synthesized SADP adhesives used in this work. This was possibly due to the increasing polymerization degree of synthesized SADP adhesives.…”

“…A mixture of sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP, Figure 1b) was dissolved in distilled water at room temperature and successfully applied to a particleboard product. The novel board products bonded by sucrose-ADP adhesive demonstrated the physical properties and water resistance that satisfied JIS standards [24], results that suggest that this sort of adhesive system could be suitable for introduction into a variety of wood composite products. According to some research on the food chemistry, ammonium salts could react with reducing sugars to form colorants in the food and beverage industry, and the products of this reaction are polymeric materials [25,26].…”

“…Figure 5 shows the thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative TG (DTG) curves of each SADP adhesive. From the TG results, it was found that the preliminary weight loss temperature of all the SAPD adhesives was approximately 100 • C. However, the preliminary weight loss temperatures of sucrose and ADP were roughly 195 and 150 • C, respectively [24]. Observation of such a dramatically lowered temperature may possibly be due to the catalysis by ADP towards thermal degradation or caramelization of the sucrose [30].…”

Investigation of Synthesis Mechanism, Optimal Hot-Pressing Conditions, and Curing Behavior of Sucrose and Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Adhesive

“…We have previously demonstrated the use of sucrose to prepare eco-friendly adhesives for wood-based materials, such as sucrose-citric acid [22], sucrose-tannin [23], and sucrose-acid-tannin adhesives [24]. In our recent research, a novel sucrose-based adhesive was explored in which sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) were dissolved in distilled water at room temperature and successfully applied to a particleboard product [25]. The results suggested that this type of adhesive system might be suitable for use in a variety of wood composite products.…”

The Implication of Benzene–Ethanol Extractive on Mechanical Properties of Waterborne Coating and Wood Cell Wall by Nanoindentation

“…Coating solid wood has the advantage of enhancing its natural beauty and its physical and chemical properties. However, solvent-based coatings can cause damage to the environment and human health [23][24][25][26] because of benzene, toluene, xylene, and substances of high carcinogenicity contained in the coatings.…”