A New Test for Rationality: Contributions and Outstanding Issues

Abstract

On the distinction between rationality and intelligence: Implications for understanding individual differences in reasoning. In K. Holyoak & R. Morrison (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 343-365). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Why humans are (sometimes) less rational than other animals: Cognitive complexity and the axioms of rational choice. Thinking & Reasoning, 19, 1-26.

How to get rid of the belief bias: Boosting analytical thinking via pragmatics

“…Not only laypeople but also informed and even sophisticated subjects in the field of statistics committed the so-called conjunction fallacy, failing to recognize the conjunction rule (i.e., the probability of two events occurring together is always less than or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone). In our view, the fact that people trained in decoupling failed to recognize the inclusion rule, which is a relatively elementary logical rule, raises questions that need to be addressed (Macchi & Bagassi, 2018). As stressed by Bagassi and Macchi (2016;see also Dulany & Hilton, 1991;Mosconi & Macchi, 2001), the misleading contextualization of the task, which was centered on an irrelevant personality sketch from a logical perspective, hindered even statistically trained respondents from grasping the experimenter's communicative aim concerning the inclusion class rule.…”