How to get rid of the belief bias: Boosting analytical thinking via pragmatics

Macchi, Laura; Poli, Francesco; Caravona, Laura; Vezzoli, Michela; Franchella, Miriam; Bagassi, Maria

doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1794

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…For instance, in recent studies on deductive reasoning with syllogisms and material implication (Macchi et al, 2019(Macchi et al, , 2020, we showed that, in adults, poor performance in logic tasks is not necessarily caused by poor logical abilities. Rather, it is caused by the lack of clear communication between the experimenter and participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Improving Children’s Logical and Mathematical Performance via a Pragmatic Approach

et al. 2020

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Deductive and logical reasoning is a crucial topic for cognitive psychology and has largely been investigated in adults, concluding that humans are apparently irrational. Yet, from a pragmatic approach, the logical level of meaning is only one of possible communicative interpretations, and the least likely to be assigned if the intent of the task is not adequately transmitted. Indeed, new formulations of the mathematical tasks (syllogisms, selection task, class inclusion task, problem solving) of greater relevance to the problem and to its aim, greatly improved adults' logical performance. The current study tested whether pragmatic manipulations of task instructions influenced in a similar way children's performance in deductive and logical tasks (Experiment 1) and in insight problems (Experiment 2). We found that, when task instructions were in accordance with the conversational rules of communication, 10-year-old children substantially improved their performance. We suggest that language use imposes constraints in terms of informativeness and relevance which are crucial in teaching logic and mathematics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Improving Children’s Logical and Mathematical Performance via a Pragmatic Approach

et al. 2020

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“…The literature on reasoning and decision making offers numerous examples in which behaviors or responses given by participants, initially judged to be erroneous, reveal a coherence with respect to the inferred representation of the participants to the requested task. These representations can be explained by the different pragmatic implicatures coming from the violations of the conversational maxims of cooperation of Grice ( 1975 ) (see Dulany and Hilton, 1991 ; Schwarz et al, 1991 ; Sperber et al, 1995 ; Baratgin and Noveck, 2000 ; Macchi, 2000 ; Politzer and Macchi, 2000 ; Baratgin, 2002 , 2009 ; Bagassi and Macchi, 2006 ; Baratgin and Politzer, 2006 , 2007 , 2010 ; Macchi and Bagassi, 2012 ; Politzer, 2016 ; Macchi et al, 2019 , 2020 ; Bagassi et al, 2020 ; Baratgin et al, 2020 , for examples). The experimental paradigms are constructed through speech acts and the gestures of the experimenter and are, as in any communication fact, pragmatic in nature (Sperber and Wilson, 1986 , 2002 ).…”

Section: The Ambiguity Of the Exchange Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

Baratgin

Godin²,

Jamet

2022

Front. Psychol.

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In this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context.

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“…(2) un efecto de validez lógica, en tanto se aceptan más argumentos válidos que inválidos, lo cual da cuenta de la capacidad de los participantes para razonar lógicamente y (3) una interacción entre lógica y creencia, en tanto el sesgo de creencia es significativamente superior cuando se razona con silogismos inválidos (Evans et al, 1983;Evans et al, 2001;Klauer, Musch y Naumer, 2000;Macchi et al, 2019;Morley et al, 2004;Stupple y Ball, 2008;Thompson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Aspectos Destacados Del Trabajounclassified

Sesgo de creencia en el razonamiento deductivo con silogismos

Massolo

Traversi

2022

RevPsi

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El objetivo de este artículo es analizar en una tarea de evaluación de argumentos el sesgo de creencia, caracterizado como la tendencia a considerar válidos argumentos con conclusiones creíbles e inválidos a los argumentos con conclusiones increíbles. Diseñamos y aplicamos una prueba de evaluación de silogismos donde se registraron los tiempos de respuesta empleados para evaluar cada argumento, a fin de comprobar ciertas predicciones de la teoría de los modelos mentales y de las teorías de los procesos duales. Los resultados muestran un marcado sesgo de creencia, más acentuado en la evaluación de los silogismos inválidos que en la de los válidos. En relación con los tiempos de respuesta, los datos obtenidos son afines a las teorías de los procesos duales, en particular, al modelo serial. No obstante, estos resultados contradicen la predicción de la teoría de los modelos mentales sobre el incremento de la latencia para evaluar silogismos válidos.

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How to get rid of the belief bias: Boosting analytical thinking via pragmatics

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Improving Children’s Logical and Mathematical Performance via a Pragmatic Approach

Improving Children’s Logical and Mathematical Performance via a Pragmatic Approach

How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

Sesgo de creencia en el razonamiento deductivo con silogismos

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