“…In at least some members of most families of the Siluriformes, the origin of the malaris expands dorsally onto the neurocranium (Fig. ) and in more derived conditions the dorsally enlarged contralateral malares contact each other midsagittally (McMurrich, ; Juge, ; Takahasi, ; Eaton, ; Alexander, ; Howes, ; Grande & Lundberg, ; Lundberg, Bornbusch & Mago‐Leccia, ; de Pinna & Vari, ; Adriaens & Verraes, ; Cabuy et al ., ; Devaere et al ., , ; Herrel et al ., ; Rodiles‐Hernández et al ., ; Sarmento‐Soares & Porto, ; de Pinna, Ferraris & Vari, ; Shibatta, Muriel‐Cunha & de Pinna, ; Datovo & Bockmann, ). The malaris inserts on the buccopalatal membrane plus the maxilla in the Callichthyidae (see below) and on the lower jaw in both all other examined siluriforms and those for which the muscle was described in the literature (Fig.…”