A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level*

Chinn, H.A.; Gannett, D. K.; Morris, Robert

doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1940.tb03133.x

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…External applications like VU meters [79], recorders, or automatic gain control should be attachable to the audio input and output, without having to be replicated for every application. The audio engine should transparently translate encoding, sampling rates, and channel counts to the desired output format.…”

Section: Audiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Operating system issues for continuous media

Schulzrinne¹

1996

Multimedia Systems

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Section: Audiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Operating system issues for continuous media

Schulzrinne¹

1996

Multimedia Systems

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A New Objective for Message Circuit Noise

Lewinski¹

1964

Bell System Technical Journal

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The reduction and control of noise on message circuits must be based on sound noise objectives. For many years the Bell System over‐all performance objective has been “26 dbrnc (20 dba) seldom to be exceeded at the telephone station set.” In this article the derivation of a more flexible and operationally feasible noise objective is presented. This objective specifies a limit of 20 dbrnc not to be exceeded on subscriber loops, and stipulates various distributions for noise originating beyond class 5 offices on built‐up connections. The objective is such as to provide Bell System customers with a noise grade of service ranging from 99 per cent good or better on short connections to 90 per cent good or better on intercontinental connections spanning distances up to halfway around the world.

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Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols

2020

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Background English materials for speech audiometry are well established. In Spanish, speech-recognition materials are not standardized with monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables used in word-recognition protocols. Purpose This study aimed to establish the psychometric characteristics of common Spanish monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and trisyllabic words for potential use in word-recognition procedures. Research Design Prospective descriptive study. Study Sample Eighteen adult Puerto Ricans (M = 25.6 years) with normal hearing [M = 7.8-dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average] were recruited for two experiments. Data Collection and Analyses A digital recording of 575 Spanish words was created (139 monosyllables, 359 bisyllables, and 77 trisyllables), incorporating materials from a variety of Spanish word-recognition lists. Experiment 1 (n = 6) used 25 randomly selected words from each of the three syllabic categories to estimate the presentation level ranges needed to obtain recognition performances over the 10 to 90% range. In Experiment 2 (n = 12) the 575 words were presented over five 1-hour sessions using presentation levels from 0- to 30-dB HL in 5-dB steps (monosyllables), 0- to 25-dB HL in 5-dB steps (bisyllables), and −3- to 17-dB HL in 4-dB steps (trisyllables). The presentation order of both the words and the presentation levels were randomized for each listener. The functions for each listener and each word were fit with polynomial equations from which the 50% points and slopes at the 50% point were calculated. Results The mean 50% points and slopes at 50% were 8.9-dB HL, 4.0%/dB (monosyllables), 6.9-dB HL, 5.1%/dB (bisyllables), and 1.4-dB HL, 6.3%/dB (trisyllables). The Kruskal–Wallis test with Mann–Whitney U post-hoc analysis indicated that the mean 50% points and slopes at the 50% points of the individual word functions were significantly different among the syllabic categories. Although significant differences were observed among the syllabic categories, substantial overlap was noted in the individual word functions, indicating that the psychometric characteristics of the words were not dictated exclusively by the syllabic number. Influences associated with word difficulty, word familiarity, singular and plural form words, phonetic stress patterns, and gender word patterns also were evaluated. Conclusion The main finding was the direct relation between the number of syllables in a word and word-recognition performance. In general, words with more syllables were more easily recognized; there were, however, exceptions. The current data from young adults with normal hearing established the psychometric characteristics of the 575 Spanish words on which the formulation of word lists for both threshold and suprathreshold measures of word-recognition abilities in quiet and in noise and other word-recognition protocols can be based.

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A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level*

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Operating system issues for continuous media

Operating system issues for continuous media

A New Objective for Message Circuit Noise

Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols

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