A new LoRa-compatible modulation improving the LoRaWAN network level performance

Vangelista, Lorenzo; Cattapan, Alessandro

doi:10.1109/latincom48065.2019.8937880

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Therefore, the greater the SF value, the more time is required to transmit a packet. The channel bandwidth represents the range of transmission band frequencies [ 35 ]. The channel BW can be 125 kHz, 250 kHz, or 500 kHz.…”

Section: Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks

Hakeem

El-Kader

Kim

2021

Sensors

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Recently, many Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols have been proposed for securing resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices with negligible power consumption. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a low power communication protocol that supports message authentication, integrity, and encryption using two-session preshared secret keys. However, although the LoRaWAN supports some security functions, it suffers from session key generation and key update problems. This motivates us to introduce a new key management protocol that resolves the LoRaWAN problems and supports key updates. The proposed protocol is based on hash chain generation using a one-way hash function. Network entities share a common hash chain of n key elements to allow using a unique signing key per message. We also propose a salt hashing algorithm that encrypts the original keys into a different form to avoid the physical attacks at the end device side. We analyzed the proposed key generation performance in terms of the computation time, the required storage, and the communication overhead. We implemented and tested the proposed key generation protocol using the NS-3 network simulator. The proposed lightweight key generation protocol significantly enhances the security of the original LoRaWAN at a negligible overhead. The proposed protocol reduces the power consumption and transmission time by two times compared with some previous protocols. In addition, the proposed key generation protocol can resist attacks, such as key compromising attacks and replay attacks, and it supports the Perfect Forward Secrecy, which was not supported by LoRaWAN.

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Section: Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks

Hakeem

El-Kader

Kim

2021

Sensors

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“…Bomfin et al proposed to encode information in the phase of CSS symbols [16], which is similar to coplanar M -FSK proposed by Roth et al Kim et al proposed to use both up-and down-chirps to encode more information [17]. Vangelista et al proposed a technique to double the spectral efficiency of CSS, at the price of a 3dB penalty in SNR [7].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this section is to rigorously define three demodulations strategies for CSS-modulated signals: quadrature (as used in [7]), coherent and non-coherent receivers. An analysis of their expected behaviours over AWGN, from a theoretical standpoint, will also be given.…”

Section: Chirp Spread Spectrum Demodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We believe that only a rigorous modeling will allow research efforts to identify adequate use cases, strong and weak points of the LoRa modulation. Such a modeling will also pave the way for integration of CSS improvements proposed in the literature (e.g., collision mitigation [5,6], spectral efficiency improvement [7]) into later revisions of LoRa, or into competitor systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards an SDR implementation of LoRa: Reverse-engineering, demodulation strategies and assessment over Rayleigh channel

Marquet

Montavont

Papadopoulos

2020

Computer Communications

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LoRa is a popular low-rate, Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology providing long range wireless access over unlicensed sub-GHz frequency bands to the Internet of Things (IoT). It has been used in many applications ranging from smart building to smart agriculture. LoRa is a patented modulation. However preliminary reverse-engineering efforts documented parts of it. In this article, we detail the different stages of LoRa transceivers: channel (de)coding, (de)whitening, (de)interleaving and (de)modulation with reverse-engineering in mind. Closed-form expressions for each of these stages are given, and different demodulation and decoding strategies are presented. This allows for a complete modelling of LoRa, which enables Software Defined Radio (SDR) implementations, as well as performance assessment under various channel conditions. These simulations show that LoRa systems have good properties for time and/or frequency selective channels (especially for the latter), thanks to the robustness of its underlying Chirp-Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation.

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“…The analytical results show that the poor performance of the LoRa system might not sustain long-range communication in the fading environment. For this reason, some improved modulation schemes based on the physical layer of LoRa have been proposed, such as phase-shift-keying (PSK) LoRa [30], interleaved chirp spreading LoRa [31], and dual orthogonal LoRa [32]. All of these schemes aim at enhancing the capacity of the LoRa network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance Analysis of a New STBC-MIMO LoRa System

Cai

Fang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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LoRa is a modulation technology for low power wide area networks (LPWAN) with enormous potential in 5G era. However, the performance of LoRa system deteriorates seriously in fading-channel environments. To tackle this problem, in this paper we introduce multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration employing space-time block coding (STBC) schemes into the LoRa system to formulate an STBC-MIMO LoRa system. Then, we investigate the theoretical performance of the proposed system over Rayleigh fading channels. To this end, we derive the distribution of the decision metric for the demodulator in the proposed system. Based on the above distribution, we propose the closed-form approximated bit error rate (BER) expression of the proposed system when perfect and imperfect channel information states (CSIs) are considered. In addition, we analyze the diversity order of the proposed system. The result demonstrates that the diversity order of the system in the imperfect CSI scenario with fixed channel estimate error variance is zero. However, in the imperfect CSI scenario with a decreasing channel estimate error variance and the perfect CSI scenario, the system can achieve full diversity. Finally, experimental results verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the excellent performance of the proposed system. Due to such superiority, the proposed STBC-MIMO LoRa system can be considered as a good scheme for LPWAN.Index Terms-Internet of things (IoT), LoRa, bit error rate (BER), space-time block coding (STBC), multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO), diversity order, Rayleigh fading channel.

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A new LoRa-compatible modulation improving the LoRaWAN network level performance

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks

A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks

Towards an SDR implementation of LoRa: Reverse-engineering, demodulation strategies and assessment over Rayleigh channel

Design and Performance Analysis of a New STBC-MIMO LoRa System

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