Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza viruses. ODNs corresponded to the polymerase PB) gene of either influenza A/WSN/33 virus or influenza C/JJ/50 virus.All compounds were 20 nucleotides long, including control ODNs containing mismatches. The phosphodiester ODNs (0-ODNs) failed to inhibit replication of influenza A and influenza C viruses at concentrations up to 80 ,uM, possibly due to intracellular nuclease digestion of the unmodified oligomers. By contrast, the phosphorothioate derivatives (S-ODNs) were found to inhibit replication of both influenza A and influenza C virus. The antiviral effect of S-ODNs against influenza A virus was found at concentrations as low as 1.25 ,uM and was present with mismatched oligomers. In the case of influenza C virus, the S-ODN complementary to the 3' end of the viral RNA of the PB) gene revealed a sequence-specific antiviral activity at a concentration of 20 ,M. (At the same concentration, S-ODNs with one or three mismatches showed little or no antiviral activity.) Reduction in plaque number reached six logarithms when this sequence-specific S-ODN was used at a concentration of 80 ,uM.