A nano-detection system based on a chemical probe for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis in situ

Abstract

In the existing medical diagnostic technology, the diagnosis of atherosclerosis (AS) is mainly focused on the later stage of AS development rather than plaque imaging in the period before plaque...

HClO-triggered interventional probe enabled early detection and intervention of atherosclerosis

“…Mp was extracted according to the method previously reported. 26 Male SD rats were anesthetized by the injection of 10% chloral hydrate (1.0 mL per 200 g) through the tail vein, and blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. Then, fresh whole blood was immediately centrifuged at room temperature for 20 min at 2000 rpm to obtain platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and the PRP supernatant was centrifuged 3 times (2000 rpm, 20 min) to remove residual RBC.…”

“…We constructed a rat model of early AS by combining a high-fat diet with the intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D 3 as per our previous report. 26 In the second week, fourth week, and sixth week after modeling, the rats in the model and control group were randomly selected for the detection of four indexes of the blood lipids, and the thoracic aorta (including the aortic arch part) was dissected and removed for hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Then, the model rats were compared with the control rats to judge whether the model had been successfully constructed.…”

“…First, because tissue penetration and the self-fluorescent background of the probe must be considered for their biological applications, there is still room for improvement in its fluorescence emission wavelength compared with our previous research. 26 Second, due to the complex biochemical reactions under physiological conditions, HOCl only exists for a short time. It is reported that the diffusion distance of HOCl is less than 20 µm, 19,27 which means that the probe must be able to respond quickly to HOCl.…”

“…Studies have found that platelet membranes can target AS sites and have a strong affinity with foam cells, 35 whereby they can recognize foam cells but will not be swallowed by macrophages, 35,36 and consequently have been used for drug delivery and the targeted therapy of AS. 26,37,38 Moreover, they also can reduce the toxicity of the fluorescent probe. These characteristics can improve the accumulation of internal probes in foam cells and improve the detection accuracy.…”

Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis

“…It relies on optical materials with light absorption capabilities, especially NIR fluorescent materials with deeper imaging capabilities and higher signal‐to‐noise ratio. Organic small molecule fluorescent dyes (within a few kDa) such as rhodamine, coumarin, [ 164 ] cyanine, [ 165 ] naphthimide, [ 166 ] BODIPY, [ 167 ] pyrene, [ 168 ] indocyanine green (ICG), [ 169 ] etc. with superior optical properties are already used and make a contribution to multimodality imaging.…”