Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Abstract

With the changing disease spectrum, atherosclerosis has become increasingly prevalent worldwide and the associated diseases have emerged as the leading cause of death. Due to their fascinating physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, nanomaterials are regarded as a promising tool to tackle enormous challenges in medicine. The emerging discipline of nanomedicine has filled a huge application gap in the atherosclerotic field, ushering a new generation of diagnosis and treatment strategies. Herein, based on the essential pathogenic contributors of atherogenesis, as well as the distinct composition/structural characteristics, synthesis strategies, and surface design of nanoplatforms, the three major application branches (nanodiagnosis, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostic) of nanomedicine in atherosclerosis are elaborated. Then, state‐of‐art studies containing a sequence of representative and significant achievements are summarized in detail with an emphasis on the intrinsic interaction/relationship between nanomedicines and atherosclerosis. Particularly, attention is paid to the biosafety of nanomedicines, which aims to pave the way for future clinical translation of this burgeoning field. Finally, this comprehensive review is concluded by proposing unresolved key scientific issues and sharing the vision and expectation for the future, fully elucidating the closed loop from atherogenesis to the application paradigm of nanomedicines for advancing the early achievement of clinical applications.

Simulation and Optimization: A New Direction in Supercritical Technology Based Nanomedicine

“…We hope that these findings provide valuable references for future research and inspire further exploration and expansion in this field by scholars. the sublimation vapor pressure of the solid q eff an effective heat flux R universal gas constant, generally equal to 8.314 (J kg −1 K −1 ) R 2 Correlation coefficient RMSE root mean squared error t time (s)…”

“…According to current definitions, nanomedicines are nanoscale tools utilized for disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment [1,2]. They have the capacity to facilitate early disease detection and prevention, direct a bioactive molecule to the intended site of action, and regulate the release of the molecule to guarantee an ideal concentration at the target of therapy for the intended duration [3,4].…”

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

“…These NPs, often composed of biocompatible metals such as gold, silver, or iron, offer unique properties that enable precise drug delivery to affected areas while minimizing systemic side effects. For instance, studies by Cheng et al revealed the successful application of gold NPs for delivering anti-inflammatory agents to atherosclerotic plaques and tomography imaging of atherosclerosis [ 172 ]. Recent research by Mao et al and Wang et al highlighted the efficacy of a bioresorbable magnesium alloy stent coated with an anti-proliferative drug, offering a dual benefit of mechanical support and localized drug release, leading to improved outcomes in atherosclerosis treatment [ 173 – 174 ].…”

Microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems for advanced study of atherosclerosis

“…12,13 Given its severe morbidity and mortality globally, comprehensive investigations of AS have garnered great scientific interest, and there is a strong demand for strategies capable of thoroughly studying AS, aiming to reveal more critical pathogenetic mechanisms, develop more accurate diagnostic methods, establish more practical therapeutic treatments and discover more effective drugs, that can alleviate symptom and decrease the overall risk of deaths of AS. 14–16…”