A multivariate approach to differentiate yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) commercialized in the southern Brazil on the basis of phenolics, methylxanthines and in vitro antioxidant activity

Abstract

The consumption of yerba mate beverages is related to several health benefits. These desirable properties are mainly due to the bioactive compounds. However, the levels of those compounds are directly affected by factors such as geographical origin. This study aimed to use chemometrics to evaluate the antioxidant compounds of yerba mate (consumed as chimarrão) marketed in southern Brazil. Neochlorogenic acid and caffeine were the main bioactive compounds found in this type of yerba mate beverage (chimarrão). The dataset was analyzed by chemometrics, and principal component analysis using the first three principal components explained 61.30% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested three clusters, with cluster 1 containing the majority of the samples from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, with higher levels of phenolics, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity. The supervised methods, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SOMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), had similar predictability (≥75% of accuracy) in terms of classifying yerba mate according to different Brazilian regions. Therefore, the chemometric tools used in the current study was suitable to monitor and assess a large variation of the antioxidant composition of yerba mate from different southern Brazilian states.

Comparison of serum cytokines for bacteremia and fungemia in rat bloodstream infection model

“…IL-17 is produced by Th17 cells, a subset of CD4+ T-helper cells, which could induce the expression of other chemokines, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (Caron et al, 2014). It is a cytokine which elicits protection against extracellular bacterial and fungal infections and plays important roles in inflammation (Zielinski et al, 2021;Ismail et al, 2021;Ishimoto et al, 2020). IL-17 acts on various isolated cells in both humans and mice, such as endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, which produce proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (Binger et al, 2017).…”

Changes in the Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Yerba Mate Depending on the Brewing Conditions

“…), while (as in the case of total polyphenol content) slightly higher antioxidant potential was found in Yerba Mate samples brewed at 70 Among the single-brewed infusions (Figure 7a), the lowest (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidant activity was found in YM-B-1-100 (1801. 44 According to the literature, Yerba Mate is characterized by a high antioxidant potential measured not only by the ability to deactivate ABTS +• radicals [20,59,70,76], but also DPPH [16,17,23,45,46,48,59,64,75,77], or measured using FRAP [23,25,70,76] or ORAC [16,70,75,77]. Most studies used different research methods and analytical procedures (e.g., extraction, standard substances) and the results were expressed in different units, which makes it very difficult to compare them with the results obtained in this work.…”

Exploration of the main active components and pharmacological mechanism of Yerba Mate based on network pharmacology

“…Main active components and pharmacological mechanism of Yerba Mate Zhaodi Yue et al [1,10]. Regular consumption of yerba mate tea, which provides the body with abundant relatively stable antioxidants, may help prevent oxidative stress-related diseases [11].…”

“…Yerba mate is brewed from the ground, dried leaves and twigs of the Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hilaire tree, widely consumed as an infusion in South American countries [1]. Now yerba mate has gained worldwide popularity because of its aroma, taste, stimulation, and nutritional values [2].…”